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Exam 4: Mitosis, Meiosis And Sexual Reproduction > Sexual Reproduction And Meiosis > Flashcards

Sexual Reproduction And Meiosis Flashcards

1
Q

No copulation, sperm is spread in a large area, numerous female gametes produced, zygotes develop outside parents; usually occurs in an aquatic environment

A

External fertilization

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2
Q

Common in fish, amphibians, coral and algae

A

External fertilization

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3
Q

Three categories of internal fertilization and how offspring are produced

A

Oviparity, ovoviperity, viviparity

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4
Q

Lay eggs, little to no embryonic development inside the mother but inside an egg; All birds, certain fish, reptiles, and amphibians

A

Oviparity

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5
Q

Fertilized eggs retained inside parent until hatching; certain sharks, lizards and snakes

A

Ovoviparity

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6
Q

Embryo develops in female body; mammals, some reptiles, some insects

A

Viviparity

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7
Q

Asexual reproduction where an egg develops without fertilization

A

Parthenogenesis

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8
Q

Types of Parthenogenesis- asexual reproduction

A

Vertebrates: amphibians, lizards, sharks (hammerheads)

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9
Q

Found in birds, Crustaceans, some fish, reptiles and insects

A

ZW sex determination system (e g. ZW - hen, ZZ - Rooster)

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10
Q

The ZW sex determination system has how many chromosomes?

A

33 sets

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11
Q

Sex also can be determined by egg incubation temperature, not chromosomes. Common in reptiles like turtles and alligators via….

A

Environmental sex determination

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12
Q

Mature, haploid reproductive cell (ovum or sperm)

A

Gamete

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13
Q

Having one of each type of chromosome characteristic of the species, one complete set

A

Haploid (n)

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14
Q

Having two sets of chromosomes the somatic cells or the cells of the body and humans

A

Diploid (2n)

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15
Q

Process that begins in immature reproductive cells, called germ cells, in the developing male and female gonads of sexually reproducing eukaryotes

A

Meiosis

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16
Q

true or false: Germ cells are diploid and have 46 chromosomes (2 sets)

A

True

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17
Q

True or false: Germ cells are found in the male and female gonads; in the ovarian follicles in human females and semi-niferous tubules of the testes in human males

A

True

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18
Q

Meiosis will take the 46 chromosome germ cell through two rounds of cell division to create four ….

A

Haploid gametes (cells)

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19
Q

Haploid gamete cells mature into

A

Oocytes (eggs) in female and sperm in male

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20
Q

Crossing over occurs in

A

Prophase 1

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21
Q

Independent assortment occurs

A

Between metaphase 1 and anaphase 1

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22
Q

Random fusion of gametes occurs

A

After telophase 2

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23
Q

3 methods of increasing genetic diversity in sexual reproduction

A

Crossing over, Independent assortment and random fusion of gametes

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24
Q

Considered the reduction round (diploid to haploid)

A

Meiosis 1

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25
Q

Considered the division round: resembles a mitotic division (sister chromatid separate)

A

Meiosis 2

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26
Q

Occurs in prophase 1; genetic recombination between non-sister chromatids; allows the homologues to exchange alleles

A

Crossing Over

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27
Q

Spindle apparatus forms, chromosomes coil together and become visible, nuclear envelopes dissolves, tetrads form and crossing over occurs. Microtubules from opposite poles attached to each homologue (not to each sister chromatid)

A

Prophase 1 (of Meiosis 1)

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28
Q

Chromosomes align on metaphase plate

A

Metaphase 1 (meiosis 1)

29
Q

Microtubules of the spindle shorten, homologous (x-shaped) separate from each other and move to opposite poles, sister chromatids remain attached to each other at their centromeres

A

Anaphase 1 (meiosis 1)

30
Q

Nuclear envelopes reform

A

Telophase I (meiosis 1)

31
Q

Chromosomes condense, nuclear envelopes dissolve and a new spindle apparatus forms

A

Prophase 2 (meiosis 2)

32
Q

Chromosomes align at metaphase plate

A

Metaphase 2 (meiosis 2)

33
Q

Sister chromatid s separate

A

Anaphase 2 (meiosis 2)

34
Q

Nuclear envelope reforms, chromosomes relax, cytokinesis follows to create four haploid cells that will mature into gametes

A

Telophase II (meiosis 2)

35
Q

True or false: a centromere is a region

A

True

36
Q

True or false: a kinetochore is a protein

A

True

37
Q

To identical copies of a chromosome that are joined together at the centromere,
formed during DNA replication, and separate during cell division to ensure each new daughter cell receives a complete set of chromosomes

A

Sister chromatids

38
Q

To identical copies of a chromosome that are joined together at the centromere,
formed during DNA replication, and separate during cell division to ensure each new daughter cell receives a complete set of chromosomes

A

Sister chromatids

39
Q

pairs of chromosomes in a cell that are identical in structure and gene content, with one chromosome from each pair inherited from the organism’s mother and the other from the father

A

Homologues

40
Q

a genetic principle stating that alleles of different genes segregate into gametes (sperm and egg cells) independently of one another

A

Independent assortment

41
Q

True or false: germ cells are diploid (2 eggs)

A

True

42
Q

Germ cells go through DNA replication in what phase

A

S

43
Q

True or false: diploid number is restored at fertilization

A

True

44
Q

Fusion of a sperm nucleus and an egg nucleus, resulting in a single celled zygote

A

Fertilization

45
Q

Diploid (2n) sell formed by fusion of gametes; first cell of a new individual, with two sets of chromosomes, one from each parent

A

Zygote

46
Q

True or false: meiosis requires two rounds of division to create four haploid cells

A

True

47
Q

True or false: mitosis goes through one round of cellular division and creates two identical daughter cells

A

True

48
Q

True or False: There is a much greater genetic variation with four resulting haploid cells in meiosis than we do in mitosis with producing two identical daughter cells

A

True

49
Q

True or false: mitosis occurs in a body cells/somatic cells

A

True

50
Q

True or false: meiosis occurs in sex cells (gametes)

A

True

51
Q

Homologous chromosomes separate in? (Haploid to diploid/46 to 23 chromosomes)

A

Meiosis 1

52
Q

Sister chromatids are separated in?

A

Meiosis 2 (division round)

53
Q

Occurs one in 20,000 births, brain and heart defects, severe mental retardation, seizures, extra fingers or toes, whole split or cleft in the iris, close set eyes or eyes may fuse together, death may occur in 2 to 5 days

A

Pateau syndrome (trisomy 13)

54
Q

Chromosome number can change permanently, usually resulting from________ from which arises_______.

A

Non-disjunction, aneuploidy

55
Q

Failure of chromosomes to separate during cellular division

A

Non-disjunction

56
Q

Cell with too many or too few copies of a particular chromosome (trisomy, monosomy)

A

Aneuploidy

57
Q

True or false: trisomy =3, monosomy = 1

A

True

58
Q

1 in 3000 births, brain abnormalities, heart defects, kidney, mouth formation, cleft lip and palette, rocker bottom feet, exomphalos (intestines held in sac outside abdomen), life expectancy 5 to 15 days

A

Edwards syndrome (trisomy 18)

59
Q

1 in 900 births, almond-shaped upward slanting eyes, short body parts, loose joints, moderate to severe mental impairment, life expectancy up through adulthood

A

Down syndrome (trisomy 21)

60
Q

True or false: The rate of down syndrome increase with age of mother

A

True

61
Q

The only non-fatal monosomy, short stature, broadchest, webbed neck, life expectancy into adulthood

A

Turner’s syndrome (monosomy X or XO)

62
Q

Tall stature, wide hips, poor muscle tone, reduced male sex characteristics, male breast development, small testicular size

A

Kleinfelter’s syndrome (XXY)

63
Q

True or false: other andeuploidy karyotypes are generally not found because they do not occur or they are too severe to survive development, most end in abortions (20 to 50%)

A

True

64
Q

What is a non-sex chromosome?

A

Autosome

65
Q

The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes resulting in chromosomes that incorporate genes from both parents of the organism forming reproductive cells

A

Crossing over

66
Q

A visual representation of a cross between two individuals in which the gametes of each individual are denoted along the top and side of a grid, respectively, and possible zygote genotypes are recombined at each box on the grid

A

Punnett square

67
Q

Describes a trait that masks the expression of another trait when both versions of the gene are present in an individual

A

Dominant

68
Q

In a heterozygote, expression of two contrasting alleles such that the individual displays an intermediate phenotype

A

Incomplete dominance

Exam 4: Mitosis, Meiosis And Sexual Reproduction (3 decks)

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