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Exam 4: Mitosis, Meiosis And Sexual Reproduction > Mendel's Experiments And Heredity And Modern Genetics > Flashcards

Mendel's Experiments And Heredity And Modern Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

Father of genetics, Augustine Monk, 10,000s garden peas experiments, uncovered rules of genetics through methodical, quantitative analysis

A

Gregor Mendel

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2
Q

Seven traits in Mendel’s pea plant monohybrid crosses

A

Seed shape (round or wrinkled), seed color (yellow or green), pea pod shape (smooth or dented), pea pod color (yellow or green), flower position (off top or side), flower color (purple or white), stem length (short and tall)

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3
Q

True breeding strains, for every trait all F1 plants resembled only one parent

A

F1 generation

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4
Q

Plants resembled only one parent is referred to as what trait?

A

Dominant (D)

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5
Q

Plants resembled an alternative trait, other parent plant is referred to as?

A

Recessive (d)

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6
Q

Variation in the physical appearance of a heritable or genetically determined characteristic

A

Trait

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7
Q

Sequence of DNA that determines a specific trait

A

Gene

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8
Q

Alternative forms of a given gene that exists at the same relative location on homologous chromosomes

A

Alleles

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9
Q

a pair of chromosomes that come from different parents and have the same genes in the same order, but may have slight variations:

A

Homologous chromosomes

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10
Q

Two of the same allele (BB or bb)

A

Homozygous

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11
Q

Two different alleles (Bb)

A

Heterozygous

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12
Q

An individual’s genetic makeup, the specific genes, results in a trait, (BB, BB, bb)

A

Genotype

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13
Q

BB

A

Homozygous dominant

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14
Q

Bb

A

Heterozygous

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15
Q

bb

A

Homozygous recessive

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16
Q

An individual’s observable traits (normal hand compared to a brachyd actylic (hand with short fingers or one long finger)

A

Phenotype

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17
Q

1:2:1

A

Genotypic ratio

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18
Q

3:1

A

Phenotypic ratio

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19
Q

In a heterozygote, one trait will conceal the presence of the other trait

A

Law of dominance

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20
Q

Refers to an allele that mask the effect of a recessive allele paired with it (albinism)

A

Dominant (D)

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21
Q

Refers to an allele with an effect that is masked by a dominant allele paired with it

A

Recessive (d)

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22
Q

Homologous chromosomes separate during meiosis, separating the pairs of genes they carry

A

Law of segregation

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23
Q

True or false: In law of segregation, each gamete carries only one of each gene pair

A

True

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24
Q

True or false: all gametes of a homozygous parent have one potential allele to contribute a given trait

A

True

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25
Q

Genes do not influence each other with regards to sorting alleles to the gametes/genes are sorted into gametes independently of each other during sexual reproduction

A

Law of independent assortment

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26
Q

When a F2 generation with a heterozygous crossing with the heterozygous on a dihybrid cross it creates a ________ratio

A

9:3:3:1 ratio

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27
Q

The interaction of genes that are not alleles, in particular the suppression of the effect of one gene by a different gene

A

Epistasis

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28
Q

Inherits two different alleles for a trait; masking effect of recessive allele (brown and white calf)

A

Completely or fully dominant

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29
Q

Two alleles both fully expressed simultaneously in heterozygous individuals (calf with brown and white coloring)

A

Codominance

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30
Q

One allele isn’t fully dominant over another; heterozygous phenotype is blending between two homozygous phenotypes (calf with a brown white mixture color over the entire coat/blended color)

A

Incompletely dominant

31
Q

Trait is controlled by multiple genes; continuous variation of eye color, height, etc.

A

Polygenic inheritance

32
Q

Genetic phenomenon where a single DNA variant influences multiple traits (mutations, PKU, sickle cell anemia, cystic fibrosis, Marfan syndrome (long arms, fingers)

A

Pleiotropy

33
Q

One gene is affected by the expression of another gene via suppression

A

Epistasis

34
Q

What environmental effects can affect a phenotype

A

Diet, temperature, light cycles, 02 levels, humidity, presence of mutagens.
(animals whose coats change color depending on temperature, acidity in which a plant grows, skin tone, Diet rich and beta-carotene, flamingo)

35
Q

Most common phenotype found in natural population of organisms; C+ marker; lizards and rabbits

A

Wild type

36
Q

All other phenotypes and genotypes that deviate from the wild type

A

Variants

37
Q

A, AB, B, O

A

Phenotypes (blood types)

38
Q

AA or AO, AB, BB or BO, OO

A

Genotypes

39
Q

AA or AO, AB, BB or BO, OO

A

Genotypes

40
Q

Antigen A =

A

A

41
Q

Antigen B=

A

B

42
Q

Both antigens =

A

AB

43
Q

No antigens=

A

O

44
Q

Multiple alleles=

A

ABO

45
Q

Codominance blood type

A

Type AB

46
Q

Additional blood type/antigen that can cause Rh* gene/factor

A

Rhesus Factor

47
Q

A chart showing the pattern of inheritance of a gene through generations in a family; or a graph that demonstrates an expression of a gene, trait or disorder

A

Pedigree

48
Q

Expressed in homozygotes (AA) and heterozygotes (Aa)

A

autosomal dominant

49
Q

Expressed only in homozygotes (aa)

A

Autosomal recessive

50
Q

Drastic premature aging

A

Progeria

51
Q

Achodroplasia

A

Dwarfism

52
Q

Neural system degeneration (progressive breakdown of nerve cells in the brain); happens later in life-40’s)

A

Huntington’s disease

53
Q

Absence of pigmentation

A

Albinism

54
Q

Mental impairment

A

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

55
Q

Adverse plyotropic effects; abnormality in O2 carrying protein hemoglobin

A

Sickle cell anemia

56
Q

Alleles on the X chromosome are inherited and expressed differently in males and females

A

X- linked recessive disorders

57
Q

True or false: males cannot transmit a recessive x-linked allele to their sons

A

True

58
Q

True or false: mother’s can pass the x-linked recessive alleles to their sons

A

True

59
Q

Inability to clot blood; x-linked recessive disorder

A

Hemophilia

60
Q

Inability to distinguish colors (red and green)

A

Color blindness

61
Q

Male with female traits

A

(AIS) androgen insensitivity syndrome (testosterone is affected)

62
Q

Variant of a gene or one of multiple versions of a DNA sequence at a specific location in a chromosome; One of the alternative forms of the same gene

A

Alleles

63
Q

Organisms complete set of genes; genetic makeup of an organism

A

Genotype

64
Q

Observable traits of an organism, including its physical, biochemical and behavioral characteristics; physical appearance of an organism

A

Phenotype

65
Q

To identical versions of the same gene; an organism with a pair of matching alleles that control a particular trait

A

Homozygous

66
Q

Two different versions of a gene or alleles, inherited from each parent; an organism with different alleles at corresponding g locations on homologous chromosomes

A

Heterozygous

67
Q

Grid used to show the genotypes of parents and their possible offspring

A

Punnett square

68
Q

The species Mendel study to learn about the laws of inheritance

A

Pea plant

69
Q

The results that statistically should appear in the offspring knowing the parental genotypes

A

Expected results

70
Q

A way to identify the genotype of an organism that demonstrates the dominant trait with a pattern of inheritance

A

Test cross

71
Q

A way to identify the genotype of an organism that demonstrates the dominant trait with a pattern of inheritance

A

Test cross

72
Q

The genotype results that actually appear in the offspring in a breeding

A

Observed results

73
Q

What is a carrier for a trait in sex linked inheritance

A

Possesses the gene for a trait but doesn’t show trait themselves

74
Q

Exhibits characteristics; inherited mutated gene

A

Affected

Exam 4: Mitosis, Meiosis And Sexual Reproduction (3 decks)

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