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Exam 4: Mitosis, Meiosis And Sexual Reproduction > Mitosis > Flashcards

Mitosis Flashcards

1
Q

Examples of Asexual reproduction

A

Budding, vegetative reproduction, binary fission, spores, fragmentation, parthenogenesis

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2
Q

Clones /Genes from one parent (does not require fertilization by a male)

A

Asexual reproduction

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3
Q

Offspring arise from parents and inherit genes from both parents

A

Sexual reproduction

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4
Q

A complex of DNA and proteins that forms chromosomes in the nucleus of a cell

A

Chromatin

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5
Q

Gene expression, genome stability and chromosome segregation,”junk DNA”

A

Heterochromatin

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6
Q

Expressed “true” DNA by building a protein (loosely packed)

A

Euchromatin

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7
Q

140 million long, deoxyribose and phosphate group

A

Nucleotide

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8
Q

Basic unit of DNA packaging in eukaryotes, cube shape, promotes and guides coiling of DNA, wound around eight histone proteins

A

Nucleosomes

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9
Q

Complete set of genes or DNA in an organism (23 pairs)

A

Genome

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10
Q

Two sets of chromosomes with one set inherited from each parent

A

Diploid

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11
Q

One set of chromosomes in an egg or sperm cells

A

Haploid

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12
Q

22 cells within cells, chromosomes that are not asexual chromosome

A

Autosome

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13
Q

22 + 1 sex chromosome, X or Y, determine sex of individual

A

Sex chromosome

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14
Q

Germ cell and not a reproductive cell

A

Somatic cell

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15
Q

Develops into a reproductive cell, egg in a female and sperm in a male

A

Germ cell

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16
Q

Reproductive cell of an animal or plant and egg or sperm cells

A

Gamete

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17
Q

Chromosome number in human somatic cells (diploid)

A

46 (each somatic cell contain 23 pairs of chromosomes)

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18
Q

XX

A

Female

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19
Q

XY

A

Male

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20
Q

Chromosome number in human gametes (haploid)

A

23 (contain half the number of chromosomes as a normal body cell)

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21
Q

Number and appearance of chromosomes, used to identify abnormalities in chromosome count with a cell; (1 to 22 Autosomes; homologous pairs)

A

Karyotype

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22
Q

“pair”; share same length, staining qualities, same genes and same location

A

Homologous chromosomes

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23
Q

Do not contain similar genetic info to each other

A

Non-homologist chromosomes

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24
Q

Get pulled apart at telophase

A

Sister chromatids

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25
Q

Barrier that protects DNA, protect end of chromosomes from deteriorating/end caps (ttaggg)

A

Telomeres

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26
Q

Hayflick limit

A

’60s cell divisions before chromosomes die

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27
Q

Terminal transferase, builds telomeres, AIDS TTAGG to end of chromosome, active in stem and cancer cells (enzyme)

A

Telomerase

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28
Q

Region where two sister chromatids are attached to each other

A

Centromere

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29
Q

Protein complex that assembles on centromere of a chromosome during cell division

A

Kinetochore

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30
Q

Interface stages

A

G0, G1, G2

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31
Q

Cell grows double in size, cell functions normally

A

G1 (gap 1)

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32
Q

Cells don’t divide often or ever

A

G0 (gap 0)

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33
Q

Cell resumes normal activity, growth and preparation for division

A

G2 (gap 2)

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34
Q

Synthesises new DNA, creating sister chromatids converted at centromere

A

Synthesis

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35
Q

Mitosis stages

A

PMAT- prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

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36
Q

First stage of mitosis, parent cells duplicated DNA separate into two identical daughter cells, chromosomes are condensed, microtubules that move, nuclear envelope breaks up

A

Prophase

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37
Q

Attached to chromosomes and kinetochore- what pulls the sister chromatids apart

A

Spindle fibers

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38
Q

When chromosomes condense and lineup in center of dividing cell

A

Metaphase

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39
Q

Final stage of cell division in mitosis or meiosis, when chromosomes uncoil and new nuclei form

A

Telophase II

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40
Q

Cell movement, cytoplasmic division of the cell at end of mitosis resulting in two daughter cells

A

Cytokinesis

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41
Q

Cell decides to duplicate DNA and divide, primary point for external signal influence

A

G1/s checkpoint

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42
Q

Makes a commitment to mitosis, assesses success of DNA replication

A

G2/m checkpoint

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43
Q

Cell insures all chromosomes are attached to spindle

A

Late metaphase (spindle) checkpoint

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44
Q

Inhibits mitosis/gene responsible for cell cycle regulation; The slowing down process to repair DNA or signal cell death.

A

Tumor suppressor genes - apoptosis

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45
Q

Abnormal P53, cell division of abnormal cells

A

Cancer

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46
Q

Spread of cancer cells two other areas of the body

A

Metastasis

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47
Q

Most common skin cancer, least dangerous because it rarely merastasizes; can cause significant destruction and disfigurement by invading surrounding tissues; considered malignant

A

Basal cell carcinoma

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48
Q

Most dangerous skin cancer, fast acting, malignant tumor, less common

A

Melanoma

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49
Q

White blood cells that destroy infected and disease cells

A

Natural killer cells

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50
Q

Advantages for Asexual reproduction

A

Known for its rapid population growth and only requires one parent

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51
Q

Disadvantages of Asexual reproduction

A

It lacks genetic diversity making population vulnerable to environmental changes

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52
Q

Advantages of Sexual reproduction

A

Provides genetic variation and allows for better adaptation to changing environments

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53
Q

Disadvantages for Sexual reproduction

A

It requires finding a mate and takes longer to produce offspring

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54
Q

Nuclear division, replicating two identical daughter cells for growth and repair

A

Mitosis

55
Q

Females can reproduce without a male (lizards, plants, sharks)

A

Parthenogenis

56
Q

Reproduce chromosome number by half to create four haploid cells, gamate production and reproduction of the organism

A

Meiosis

57
Q

Contains chromatin, surrounded by nuclear envelope

A

Nucleus

58
Q

Brain cells

A

Neurons (> 100 years lifespan)

59
Q

50 days lifespan

A

Skin cells

60
Q

Cells lining the alimentary canal

A

Gut (5-day lifespan/shortest lifespan)

61
Q

Skeletal cells

A

Bone cells (10 year lifespan)

62
Q

Intercostal skeletal

A

Muscles (15 year lifespan)

63
Q

Red blood cells lifespan

A

120 days

64
Q

Cardio myocytes

A

Heart muscle cells (>50 year lifespan)

65
Q

Ordered series of events involving cell growth and division that produce 2 daughter cells/genetic clones

A

Cell cycle

66
Q

Two major phases of the cell cycle

A

Interphase and metabolic phase

67
Q

The sum of all chemical reactions, energy growth and reproduction

A

Metabolic phase

68
Q

What are the four phases of mitosis?

A

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

69
Q

Chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes and the nuclear membrane starts to break down; DNA coils into visible chromosomes

A

Prophase I

70
Q

Chromosomes line up along the equator of the cell at the metaphase plate

A

Metaphase I

71
Q

Sister chromatids remain attached; chromosomes or chromatids are pulled to opposite poles of the cell by spindle fibers

A

Anaphase I

72
Q

New nuclear membranes form, chromosomes gather at poles of cell and the cell begin to divide into two daughter cells

A

Telophase I

73
Q

What are the four cell cycle phases

A

G1, s, G2, m

74
Q

Cell grows and prepares for DNA replication

A

G1 (Gap 1) Phase

75
Q

DNA is replicated creating an exact copy of genetic material

A

S (synthesis) phase

76
Q

The cell further prepares for cell division by synthesizing proteins and organelles needed for mitosis

A

G2 (Gap 2) Phase

77
Q

The cell undergoes mitosis, where the replicated chromosomes are separated and distributed into two new daughter cells

A

M (mitosis) Phase

78
Q

What are the three checkpoints in cell cycle

A

G1, G2/m, m/spindle

79
Q

Determines if the cell is healthy enough to replicate & divide its DNA and enter S phase. (Primary point for external signal influence)

A

G1 checkpoint

80
Q

Insures DNA replication is complete and there is no damage before the cell enters mitosis

A

G2/M checkpoint

81
Q

Verifies all chromosomes are properly attached to the spindle fibers before the cell progresses from metaphase to anaphase

A

M/spindle checkpoint

82
Q

The occurrence of one or more extra or missing chromosomes in a cell or organism

A

Aneuploidy

83
Q

Genetic disorder with three copies of a chromosome instead of two

A

Trisomy

84
Q

Cell only has one chromosome from a pair instead of two

A

Monosomy

85
Q

What is the purpose of mitosis in a multicellular organism like a human?

A

To provide new cells for growth, development and repair by creating identical copies of existing cells

86
Q

What is the guardian of the genome?

A

Protein P53

87
Q

What are the causes of mutations?

A

Errors occurring during replication, where genetic code is copied during cell division; exposure to environmental factors such as mutagens like radiation or chemicals

88
Q

A reproductive cell of an animal or plant; egg or sperm

A

Gamete

89
Q

Two complete sets of chromosomes with one set coming from each parent

A

Diploid

90
Q

Contains only one set of chromosomes

A

Haploid

91
Q

The end result of meiosis in a human cell is four of these cells

A

Haploid

92
Q

Pairing process in early meiosis of hemologous pairs of chromosomes

A

Synapsis

93
Q

Cytoplasmic division of a cell at the end of mitosis or meiosis resulting in two daughter cells

A

Cytokinesis

94
Q

A complex of proteins at the centromere of a chromosome where the microtubules of the spindle attach during cell division

A

Kinetochor

95
Q

DNA prior to chromosome formation at mitosis

A

Chromatin

96
Q

Describes a cell, nucleus, or organism containing two sets of chromosomes (2n)

A

Diploid

97
Q

Describes a cell, nucleus, or organism containing one set of chromosomes (n)

A

Haploid

98
Q

The period of the cell cycle at which the duplicated chromosomes are separated into identical nuclei; includes prophase, pro metaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

A

Mitosis

99
Q

The division of the cytoplasm following mitosis to form two daughter cells

A

Cytokinesis

100
Q

The ordered sequence of events that a cell passes through between one cell division and the next

A

Cell cycle

101
Q

Promotes and guides the coiling of DNA

A

Nucleosome

102
Q

Promotes and guides the coiling of DNA

A

Nucleosome

103
Q

True or false: Humans are diploid. With two sets of chromosomes. In each set, 22 are Autosomes and 1 is the sex (X or Y).

A

True

104
Q

True or false: There are 46 total chromosomes in somatic cells

A

True

105
Q

true or false: Gametes (haploid) Have one set of chromosomes

A

True

106
Q

True or false: the genome is the complete set of genes or complete compliment of DNA

A

True

107
Q

The visual representation of an individual’s complete set of chromosomes; from the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell

A

Karyotype

108
Q

True or false: gene expression controls regulate the cell cycle at different points

A

True

109
Q

Loss of cell cycle controls can result in

A

Cancer

110
Q

A malignant growth or tumor caused by uncontrolled cell division of abnormal cells

A

Cancer

111
Q

The cell cycle is integrated around two concepts (two irreversible points)

A

Replication of genetic material (dna) and separation of the sister chromatids

112
Q

Cell cycle can put a hold on specific points called

A

Checkpoints

113
Q

A process in which points are checked for accuracy and can be halted if there are errors; allow cell to respond to internal and external signals

A

Checkpoints

114
Q

Major tumor suppressor genes; creates the checkpoint protein creation due to mutations or viruses causes tumors and may end up as cancer.

A

Protein P53

115
Q

Guardian of the genome

A

P53

116
Q

This will accumulate when there is a gene mutation

A

P53

117
Q

If DNA cannot get repaired, & P-53 does not get degraded, The accumulation leads to

A

Altruistic apoptosis

118
Q

UV radiation, pollution, chemicals, oxidative stress, hypoxia can cause a mutation in what protein?

A

P-53

119
Q

True or false: p-53 causes cell death if DNA is not repairable

A

True

120
Q

True or false: P-53 puts hold on cell cycle (G1- S0) to allow DNA repair

A

True

121
Q

Normal cellular geness that become oncogenes when mutated, oncogenes can lead to cancer

A

Proto-oncogenes

122
Q

True or false: some oncogenes encode growth factory receptors. If a receptor is mutated to be “On” The cell no longer depends on binding with a growth factor

A

True

123
Q

True or false: some oncogenes encode signal transduction proteins

A

True

124
Q

How do protocogenes become ocogenes?

A

UV radiation, pollution, chemicals, oxidative stress, hypoxia

125
Q

Cancers can be divided into three groups…

A

Carcinomas, sarcomas and leukemias/lymphomas

126
Q

This cancer arises from epithelial cells skin, lining to colon, lung, liver, bladder, breasts

A

Carcinomas

127
Q

Bone or muscle cell cancer

A

Sarcoma

128
Q

Blood cancers

A

Leukemia / lymphomas

129
Q

A cancer of an epithelial cell, the squamous cell,; primary part of the epidermis of the skin; can also occur in the lining of the digestive tract, lungs, and other areas of the body

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

130
Q

Malignant tumor of melanocytes; less common than other skin cancers; More dangerous if not found early; causes the majority of deaths related to skin cancer

A

Melanoma

131
Q

True or false: approximately 10 cancer cells develop in our body everyday

A

True

132
Q

True or false: The body has additional methods to respond to cancerous cells (beyond checkpoint proteins)

A

True

133
Q

True or false: natural killer/T cells in our body recognize and destroy cancer cells

A

True

Exam 4: Mitosis, Meiosis And Sexual Reproduction (3 decks)

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