Sexism

Question 1

gender bias

Answer 1

difference in treatment or representation between men and women based on stereotypes rather than real differences.

Question 2

Kitzinger

Answer 2

questions about gender differences used for lots of reasons e.g. keeping women out of uni, putting them in mental institutions. research used for political reasons.

Question 3

alpha bias example

Answer 3

exaggerating the differences.
Freud - suggested girls have an underdeveloped superego as they do not experience the Oedipus complex

Question 4

beta bias example

Answer 4

minimising the differences.
Kohlberg, androcentric sample, applied to women without research. newer research shows women tend to have different methods of morality that tend to score them lower.

Question 5

how does psychology pathologizes female behaviour

Answer 5

androcentric samples leads to male behaviour being seen as the norm and differing female behaviours as deviant.

Question 6

Tavris

Answer 6

gave example of PMS, both men and women have mood swings but is only a disorder for women. lots of evidence linking high testosterone to aggression.
when people show antisocial behaviour, for men often attributed to external forces (upbringing), but internal forces for women (hormones, psyche)

Question 7

why are homosexual realtionships understudies

Answer 7

homophobia, social stigma, historical expectations of being straight. was a mental illness in DSM until 1975

Question 8

Buss (1989)

Answer 8

investigated what men and women find attractive across multiple studies. Men preferred younger women, women preferred older men. explained it with evolution and finding a suitable mate - being fertile and having resources. excludes non heterosexual relationships, implies they are against nature.

Question 9

Blustein and Schwatrz (1983)

Answer 9

wives and husbands reported to cheat less (22% and 30%) than lesbians (43%) and gay men (94%). compared married people to cohabitating couples, not same level of commitment. alpha bias

Question 10

liberal humanism

Answer 10

way of conducting research, moving away from a pathology model. rejecting the notion that sexuality is centre of personality. asserting that homosexuality is as normal/natural as straight. denial of the idea that they are harmful to society, family, children

Question 11

other sexualities

Answer 11

bisexuality often grouped with gay/lesbian. little research into polyamory, asexuality.
2021 census only gave gay/lesbian, straight, bisexual and other as options.

Question 12

historical/social context

Answer 12

research represents prevalent attitudes of that time. research into motherhood often been sexist. e.g. Bettelheim (1965) said while women want to be good engineers/scientists first and foremost they want to be womanly companions and mothers.
most research conducted on men

Question 13

stanford binet test

Answer 13

intelligence test tested and developed on/by men. when women assessed often given lower mental age. ignored role of culture - women had less access to quality education
1924-72, over 7500 women in Virginia, US forcibly sterilised, mostly unwed mothers, prostitutes and ‘feeble minded’. all given a low mental age by this test.

Question 14

feminist pychology

Answer 14

aims to address the imbalance in psychology by focusing on women as participants and researchers. identifies unrecognised sources of bias, increases critical thinking, broadens scope of research - looking at under researched areas and finding new ways of looking at old problems.

Question 15

invisibility of women in psychology

Answer 15

before, women banned from psychology courses, has to fight for positions, has research overlooked, not given credit etc. use of last names in publication leads to people assuming it was conducted by men

Question 16

what areas do men and women study

Answer 16

men dominate the fields viewed as ‘scientific’ - cognitive or learning psy. women associated with educational and developmental psychology. cause and effect - women may be channelled into certain fields, which are then considered lesser due to being dominated by women

Question 17

rediscovering female psychologists

Answer 17

working to uncover their contributions. Lerner (1979) believes we should find lost/overlooked female psychologists and put them back in the history books.

Question 18

publication bias

Answer 18

systematic underrepresentation of women as authors, referees and editors. study of 1.5 million academics suggests that increase of participation of women in STEM subjects has not reduced the gap in productivity and impact. even in female dominated fields, men publish more.