sex + touch, smell, taste

Question 1

What is..
Merkel’s disks
Ruffini corpuscles
Pacinian corpuscles

Answer 1

Merkel’s disks respond to local skin indentations (simple touch)

Ruffini corpuscles are sensitive to stretch and the kinesthetic sense of finger position and movement

Pacinian corpuscles respond to skin vibrations.

Question 2

1. What part of the skin primarily respond to temperature and pain
2. What part of glabrous skin detects very light touch and localized edge contours (brail-like stimuli

Answer 2

1. Free nerve endings
2. Meissner’s corpuscles

Question 3

Some of the receptor proteins that are sensitive to temperature can also be activated by certain ligands (e.g., __________ molecules activate heat receptors and _________ molecules activate cold receptors

Answer 3

Some of the receptor proteins that are sensitive to temperature can also be activated by certain ligands ( [capsaicin] molecules activate heat receptors and [menthol] molecules activate cold receptors

Question 4

In pain receptors, which free nerve endings responds to intense pressure like stretching/pinching

Answer 4

High-threshold mechanoreceptors (pressure receptor cells) respond to intense pressure, like striking, stretching, or pinching.

Question 5

How does poorly localized touch info like crude touch, temperature and pain ascend to the thalamus?

Answer 5

Ascends to the thalamus through the spinothalamic tract; crosses over the midline in spinal chord, just after synaptic connection

Question 6

How does highly localized touch info like fine touch ascend to the thalamus

Answer 6

It ascends ipsilaterally (same side) through the dorsal column of the spinal chord - first synapse of this pathway is the medulla
- Then, the info CROSSES OVER to the contrelateral side & ascends to thalamus

Question 7

1. What is tactile agnosia
2. What is phantom limb’s hypothesized cause

Answer 7

1. Tactile agnosia - when ppl can’t identify objects by touch alone but can draw the objects they’re touching
2. Thought to be due to confusion in somatosensory cortices; axons send nonsense signals to the brain

Question 8

1. Which taste categories are detected with metabotropic receptors (one of them binds to over 50)
2. Which taste category is detected with positive ions
3. Which taste category is detected with pH

Answer 8

1. Sweetness (sugar molecule), umami (glutamate molecule), bitter (over 50 metabo. receptors) and fat (metabo. receptors &fatty acid transporters)
2. Saltiness ( detected with ion channel permeable to sodium)
3. Sourness (detected with ion channel highly permeable to free protons - cells that detect sourness are also responsible for the detection of astringency & carbonation

Question 9

FILL IN THE BLANKS taste buds fun facts
✳ taste buds contain ___ to ___ taste receptor cells
✳ Do taste buds have action potential?? ___
✳Taste buds are replaced every ____ days
✳ ____ and ______ taste is hardwired to be yum

Answer 9

✳ taste buds contain 20 to 150 taste receptor cells
✳ Do taste buds have action potential?? NO
✳Taste buds are replaced every 10 days
✳ sweet and umami taste is hardwired to be yum

Question 10

1. ¿vat is de Olfactory Epthelium?

Answer 10

the tissue of the nasal sinus that sits underneath the skull (the cribriform plate) and contains olfactory receptors cells

Question 11

does olfactory info relay in the thalamus yes or no

Answer 11

no.

Question 12

Where do olfactory receptor cells synapse

Answer 12

In glomeruli in the olfactory bulb which directly sends info to brain

Question 13

In mammals, the initial transduction and processing of pheromones occurs in the _____ _________ and ‘accessory olfactory bulb’,

Answer 13

In mammals, the initial transduction and processing of pheromones occurs in the [vomeronasal organ] and ‘accessory olfactory bulb’,

Question 14

1. What’s the Lee boot effect (power of female mice friendship)
2. what’s the Whitten effect (has to do with pheromones in male mouse pee)

Answer 14

1. Lee Boot - when there’s just female mice living together, their estrous cycles slow down
2. Whitten - pheromones in urine of male mice can trigger female’s estrous cycles to sync

Question 15

What is this effect called:
1. Female mice housed with just males have earlier puberty.
2. Tendency of female rodents to terminate their pregnancies following exposure to the scent of unfamiliar male

Answer 15

1. Vandenbergh effect - females housed with just males have earlier puberty
2. Bruce effect - tendency of female rodents to terminate their pregnancies following exposure to the scent of unfamiliar male

Question 16

Are all mice pheremone effects (whitten, vandenbergh, bruce) also caused by castrated males?

Answer 16

NO!! no peepee = no pheromonal effect :/

Question 17

Müllerian system - precursor for internal _________ organs
Wolffian system - precursor for _______ organs

Answer 17

Müllerian system - precursor for internal female organs

Wolffian system - precursor for male organs

Question 18

What happens to men taking a gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist

Answer 18

They will not show testicular release of androgens and have a decrease in sexual interest and intercourse

Question 19

What are the effects on a male rodent injected with female sex hormones if….
1. Non-castrated males
2. Males castrated in adulthood
3. Males castrated at birth

Answer 19

1 & 2 - relatively small behavioural consequences
3. develop some female-typical behaviours. If they are injected with female sex hormones in adulthood (estradiol and progesterone), they will try to get other males to have sex with them

Question 20

Turner Syndrome is when you ___________. Swyer Syndrome is when you _____________.

Answer 20

Turner Syndrome is when you only have one sex chromosome (X-)

Swyer Syndrome is when you are XY but have a bad SRY gene.

Question 21

1. It is possible to have two (or more) X chromosomes as well as the SRY gene (e.g., XXY or XXXY). What happens then?
2. What happens with insufficient anti-Müllerian hormone signaling

Answer 21

1. Typical male development patterns (but also infertility).
2. cause insufficient anatomical defeminization: both male and female internal sex organs will develop and get tangled together. There is often functional external male genitalia.

Question 22

Androgen insensitivity syndrome results effects in
1. Severe cases
2. Intermediate cases
3. Mild cases

Answer 22

1. In severe cases, no internal sex organs develop. In these cases, people typically develop normal external female genitalia and identify as heterosexual women, but they will be infertile and have a short vagina.
2. Intermediate cases are associated with ambiguous external genitalia.
3. In mild cases, the external genitalia is fully masculinized.

Question 23

examples of gonadotropic hormones

Answer 23

Hormones of pituitary gland (follicle-stimulating hormone, FSH, and luteinizing hormone, LH) that have stimulating effect on cells of gonads.

Question 24

vat is congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)

Answer 24

excess androgen signaling from birth in females