Brain anatomy Flashcards
- what do oligodendrocytes do
- what do schwann cells do
Oligodendrocytes create myelin in central nervous system
Schwann cells create myelin in peripheral nervous system
What is lymphatic system & what’s its role
Lymphatic system is a part of the immune system (made up of lymph vessels, lymph node & lymph organs) that detects & destroys invading organisms & foreign particles
How does the brain make the cerebrospinal fluid
By actively picking out exactly what it needs from the blood - it’s made in the chorcoid plexus
What’s the difference between a projection neuron & interneuron
Projection neuron - it synapses on neurons that are far away from where the axon started (mostly release glutamate)
Interneuron - only synapses on local nearby neurons: axon doesn’t go far (mostly release gaba)
What are the axons of
1. sensory neurons
2. motor neurons
- sensory = afferent (bring info away from CNS)
- motor = efferent (bring info towards CNS)
All 12 cranial nerves (except for 1), which enter & leave the brain directly, process movements & sensory info around head and neck. Which nerve is the exception?
The 10th cranial nerve (vagus nerve) - branches extensively in the upper half of the body; regulates the function of multiple organs, including the heart, lungs, digestive track, etc
Afferent nerves carry sensory signals
from internal organs to the
CNS
Ryan fell backwards on the ice while playing hockey. He injured the back of his head and the back of his spine. What are the anatomical directions used to describe the areas of injury
He injured the caudal or posterior area of his head
He injured he dorsal area of his spine
Yasmin face planted in front of everyone at graduation and hurt the front of her face and chest. What are the anatomical direction terms used to describe what areas she fell on
She fell on the rostral or anterior part of her face
She fell on the anterior or ventral of her stomach.
Juliette is hanging upside down on monkey bars; suddenly, she falls and hurts the ___ part of her head
Juliette is hanging upside down on monkey bars; suddenly, she falls and hurts the [dorsal or superior] part of her head
When I fell on my tailbone in gymnastics, i injured the ___ part of my spine
When I fell on my tailbone in gymnastics, i injured the [ inferior or caudal ]part of my spine
Which is lateral and which is medial
⇾ spine ⇽
⇽ spine ⇾
⇾ spine ⇽ : medial
⇽ spine ⇾ : lateral
Somatic nervous system interacts with the ____ environment and controls ____
Autonomic nervous system (ANS) interacts with the ____ environment and controls ____
The somatic nervous system interacts with the external environment and controls skeletal muscles/ processes sensory information relating to the outside world
The ANS interacts with the body’s internal environment. It is involved with sensing and regulating smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
WE KNOW THISSS
What are the 2 divisions of ANS (autonomic)
Sympathetic - fight and flight
Parasympathetic - rest and digest
What are the only sensory systems that are processed ipsilaterally (same side of the body) and not contrelateraly
Taste and smell are processed ispilaterally
What is a brain nuclei
refers to a collection of neurons that are clustered together that regulate a shared function. For example, the hindbrain contains many brain nuclei. One controls breathing; another controls vomiting; etc.
Which part of the brain made you throw up on halloween bc you drank too much
Area postrema in the medulla oblongata initiates vomiting when poison is detected
The medulla contains part of the reticular formation, which regulates ______
sleep and arousal
3 MAIN structures in hindbrain
medulla oblongata, pons & cerebellum
Following a concussion that damaged his ____, Emilio has severe difficulty standing up and his movements are jerky and uncoordinated. He has a lot of difficulty picking up a cup without spilling it
cerebellum
What brain area is this? what does it participate in? : Bulge in brain stem that relays info between cerebrum & cerebellum
Pons - participate in hearing, balance, taste, facial movements, and sensations of the face
TRUE OR FALSE - the cerebellum initiates movement
FALSE - cerebellum does not initiate movement, but it contributes to the coordination, precision, and accurate timing of movements.
What are the 2 main parts of the midbrain
tectum & tegmentum
In the tectum, what’s the name and function of the 2 bumps
1. at the top
2. at the bottom
- Top - superior colliculi: involved in orienting you to things in your peripheral vision
- Bottom - inferior colliculi: involved in orienting to unexpected sounds
which part of the brain includes several structures that coordinate and motivate complex movements: some process pain and orchestrate behavioural responses to threats
tegmentum in the midbrain
Following a brain disease, a deer now doesn’t have a fight or flight response when it perceives danger, has stopped eating and it doesn’t show interest in potential mates. What part of the brain did the disease damage?
Hypothalamus
One of the most important functions of the hypothalamus is to link the nervous system to the _________ _______ via the _________ _______
One of the most important functions of the hypothalamus is to link the nervous system to the endocrine system (release of hormones into the blood stream) via the pituitary gland
YOU KNOW THISS
1. What’s an endocrine gland
2. What’s the master regulator of the endocrine system
- endocrine gland secretes hormones into the blood
- master regulator is the hypothalamus
In the forebrain, list all parts in
1. the third ventricle
2. the lateral ventricle
- Third - thalamus & hypothalamus
- Lateral - limbic system, basal ganglia and cerebral cortex
REMINDER not question - The thalamus contains several nuclei, many of which relay ascending sensory info to different areas of the cerebral cortex. (flip)
For example, visual information from the eye passes through the lateral geniculate nuclei of the thalamus
Sound information from the ear passes through the medial geniculate nuclei of the thalamus
Where does sensory info enter conscious awareness?
cerebral cortex
The surface of the brain (cerebral cortex) contains 3 convolutions (irregular ridges on the surface of the brain) . What are they
sulci, fissures and gyri.
- The outermost portion of the cerbral cortex is gray matter. what’s it made of (mostly)
- Beneath the gray matter there’s white matter. What’s it made of (mostly)
1.Gray matter - mostly high concentration of cell bodies
2. White matter - mostly just myelinated axons
What are the 4 lobes of the cerebral cortex? Give their general function
- Frontal lobe: controls movement
- Parietal lobe: processes touch information
- Occipital lobe: processes visual information
- Temporal lobe: processes auditory information
- Where is taste processed
- Where is smell processed
- Taste is processed in insular cortex.
- Smell is processed in piriform cortex.
The 2 cerebral hemispheres are separated by the _________ fissure; the ______ _____ connects corresponding parts of the left & right hemisphere
The 2 cerebral hemispheres are separated by the longitudinal fissure; the corpus callosum connects corresponding parts of the left & right hemisphere
in which lobe is the primary motor cortex & what does it control
Primary motor cortex is in frontal lobe - different regions of cortex manage different parts of the body (motor neurons synapse in spinal chord)
In which lobe is the somatosensory cortex & what’s its job
It’s in the parietal lobe - where touch info enters cerebral cortex: different regions of somatosensory cortex recieve info abt different parts of the body (homonculus)
- In which lobe is the primary auditory cortex
- In which lobe is the primary visual cortex
- auditory cortex- temporal lobe
- visual cortex - occipital lobe
The basal ganglia are a collection of nuclei in the forebrain (located beneath the lateral ventricles). As a circuit, they regulate ____
intentional movements, motivation, reinforcement learning, and habits
Cingulate cortex is a large area that overlies the corpus callosum. It interconnects many limbic areas of the brain like______
the hippocampus (explicit memory formation) & amygdala (emotional processing)
