Brain anatomy

Question 1

1. what do oligodendrocytes do
2. what do schwann cells do

Answer 1

Oligodendrocytes create myelin in central nervous system
Schwann cells create myelin in peripheral nervous system

Question 2

What is lymphatic system & what’s its role

Answer 2

Lymphatic system is a part of the immune system (made up of lymph vessels, lymph node & lymph organs) that detects & destroys invading organisms & foreign particles

Question 3

How does the brain make the cerebrospinal fluid

Answer 3

By actively picking out exactly what it needs from the blood - it’s made in the chorcoid plexus

Question 4

What’s the difference between a projection neuron & interneuron

Answer 4

Projection neuron - it synapses on neurons that are far away from where the axon started (mostly release glutamate)
Interneuron - only synapses on local nearby neurons: axon doesn’t go far (mostly release gaba)

Question 5

What are the axons of
1. sensory neurons
2. motor neurons

Answer 5

1. sensory = afferent (bring info away from CNS)
2. motor = efferent (bring info towards CNS)

Question 6

All 12 cranial nerves (except for 1), which enter & leave the brain directly, process movements & sensory info around head and neck. Which nerve is the exception?

Answer 6

The 10th cranial nerve (vagus nerve) - branches extensively in the upper half of the body; regulates the function of multiple organs, including the heart, lungs, digestive track, etc

Question 7

Afferent nerves carry sensory signals
from internal organs to the

Answer 7

CNS

Question 8

Ryan fell backwards on the ice while playing hockey. He injured the back of his head and the back of his spine. What are the anatomical directions used to describe the areas of injury

Answer 8

He injured the caudal or posterior area of his head
He injured he dorsal area of his spine

Question 9

Yasmin face planted in front of everyone at graduation and hurt the front of her face and chest. What are the anatomical direction terms used to describe what areas she fell on

Answer 9

She fell on the rostral or anterior part of her face
She fell on the anterior or ventral of her stomach.

Question 10

Juliette is hanging upside down on monkey bars; suddenly, she falls and hurts the ___ part of her head

Answer 10

Juliette is hanging upside down on monkey bars; suddenly, she falls and hurts the [dorsal or superior] part of her head

Question 11

When I fell on my tailbone in gymnastics, i injured the ___ part of my spine

Answer 11

When I fell on my tailbone in gymnastics, i injured the [ inferior or caudal ]part of my spine

Question 12

Which is lateral and which is medial
⇾ spine ⇽
⇽ spine ⇾

Answer 12

⇾ spine ⇽ : medial
⇽ spine ⇾ : lateral

Question 13

Somatic nervous system interacts with the ____ environment and controls ____
Autonomic nervous system (ANS) interacts with the ____ environment and controls ____

Answer 13

The somatic nervous system interacts with the external environment and controls skeletal muscles/ processes sensory information relating to the outside world

The ANS interacts with the body’s internal environment. It is involved with sensing and regulating smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

Question 14

WE KNOW THISSS
What are the 2 divisions of ANS (autonomic)

Answer 14

Sympathetic - fight and flight
Parasympathetic - rest and digest

Question 15

What are the only sensory systems that are processed ipsilaterally (same side of the body) and not contrelateraly

Answer 15

Taste and smell are processed ispilaterally

Question 16

What is a brain nuclei

Answer 16

refers to a collection of neurons that are clustered together that regulate a shared function. For example, the hindbrain contains many brain nuclei. One controls breathing; another controls vomiting; etc.

Question 17

Which part of the brain made you throw up on halloween bc you drank too much

Answer 17

Area postrema in the medulla oblongata initiates vomiting when poison is detected

Question 18

The medulla contains part of the reticular formation, which regulates ______

Answer 18

sleep and arousal

Question 19

3 MAIN structures in hindbrain

Answer 19

medulla oblongata, pons & cerebellum

Question 20

Following a concussion that damaged his ____, Emilio has severe difficulty standing up and his movements are jerky and uncoordinated. He has a lot of difficulty picking up a cup without spilling it

Answer 20

cerebellum

Question 21

What brain area is this? what does it participate in? : Bulge in brain stem that relays info between cerebrum & cerebellum

Answer 21

Pons - participate in hearing, balance, taste, facial movements, and sensations of the face

Question 22

TRUE OR FALSE - the cerebellum initiates movement

Answer 22

FALSE - cerebellum does not initiate movement, but it contributes to the coordination, precision, and accurate timing of movements.

Question 23

What are the 2 main parts of the midbrain

Answer 23

tectum & tegmentum

Question 24

In the tectum, what’s the name and function of the 2 bumps
1. at the top
2. at the bottom

Answer 24

1. Top - superior colliculi: involved in orienting you to things in your peripheral vision
2. Bottom - inferior colliculi: involved in orienting to unexpected sounds

Question 25

which part of the brain includes several structures that coordinate and motivate complex movements: some process pain and orchestrate behavioural responses to threats

Answer 25

tegmentum in the midbrain

Question 26

Following a brain disease, a deer now doesn’t have a fight or flight response when it perceives danger, has stopped eating and it doesn’t show interest in potential mates. What part of the brain did the disease damage?

Answer 26

Hypothalamus

Question 27

One of the most important functions of the hypothalamus is to link the nervous system to the _________ _______ via the _________ _______

Answer 27

One of the most important functions of the hypothalamus is to link the nervous system to the endocrine system (release of hormones into the blood stream) via the pituitary gland

Question 28

YOU KNOW THISS
1. What’s an endocrine gland
2. What’s the master regulator of the endocrine system

Answer 28

1. endocrine gland secretes hormones into the blood
2. master regulator is the hypothalamus

Question 29

In the forebrain, list all parts in
1. the third ventricle
2. the lateral ventricle

Answer 29

1. Third - thalamus & hypothalamus
2. Lateral - limbic system, basal ganglia and cerebral cortex

Question 30

REMINDER not question - The thalamus contains several nuclei, many of which relay ascending sensory info to different areas of the cerebral cortex. (flip)

Answer 30

For example, visual information from the eye passes through the lateral geniculate nuclei of the thalamus
Sound information from the ear passes through the medial geniculate nuclei of the thalamus

Question 31

Where does sensory info enter conscious awareness?

Answer 31

cerebral cortex

Question 32

The surface of the brain (cerebral cortex) contains 3 convolutions (irregular ridges on the surface of the brain) . What are they

Answer 32

sulci, fissures and gyri.

Question 33

1. The outermost portion of the cerbral cortex is gray matter. what’s it made of (mostly)
2. Beneath the gray matter there’s white matter. What’s it made of (mostly)

Answer 33

1.Gray matter - mostly high concentration of cell bodies
2. White matter - mostly just myelinated axons

Question 34

What are the 4 lobes of the cerebral cortex? Give their general function

Answer 34

• Frontal lobe: controls movement
• Parietal lobe: processes touch information
• Occipital lobe: processes visual information
• Temporal lobe: processes auditory information

Question 35

1. Where is taste processed
2. Where is smell processed

Answer 35

1. Taste is processed in insular cortex.
2. Smell is processed in piriform cortex.

Question 36

The 2 cerebral hemispheres are separated by the _________ fissure; the ______ _____ connects corresponding parts of the left & right hemisphere

Answer 36

The 2 cerebral hemispheres are separated by the longitudinal fissure; the corpus callosum connects corresponding parts of the left & right hemisphere

Question 37

in which lobe is the primary motor cortex & what does it control

Answer 37

Primary motor cortex is in frontal lobe - different regions of cortex manage different parts of the body (motor neurons synapse in spinal chord)

Question 38

In which lobe is the somatosensory cortex & what’s its job

Answer 38

It’s in the parietal lobe - where touch info enters cerebral cortex: different regions of somatosensory cortex recieve info abt different parts of the body (homonculus)

Question 39

1. In which lobe is the primary auditory cortex
2. In which lobe is the primary visual cortex

Answer 39

1. auditory cortex- temporal lobe
2. visual cortex - occipital lobe

Question 40

The basal ganglia are a collection of nuclei in the forebrain (located beneath the lateral ventricles). As a circuit, they regulate ____

Answer 40

intentional movements, motivation, reinforcement learning, and habits

Question 41

Cingulate cortex is a large area that overlies the corpus callosum. It interconnects many limbic areas of the brain like______

Answer 41

the hippocampus (explicit memory formation) & amygdala (emotional processing)