Sex-Specific Disorders

Question 1

Prostate pathology symptoms

Answer 1

• weak or interrupted flow of urine
• nocturia (waking up to pee)
• trouble staring flow of urine
• trouble emptying bladder
• pain with urinating
• blood in urine or semen
• LBP/pelvic pain

Question 2

Define prostatitis

Answer 2

• any condition that causes inflammation of the prostate gland

Question 3

Signs and symptoms of chronic prostatitis

Answer 3

• prostatic discharge
• burning
• increased frequency of urination & possible reduction in sexual potency
• LBP
• nagging sacral ache with radiation down the involved leg if the seminal vesicle is involved

Question 4

Treatment for acute prostatitis

Answer 4

• antibiotics
• muscle relaxants
• biofeedback for pelvic floor relaxation

Question 5

Describe prostate cancer

Answer 5

• when prostate cells become malignant they usually form small islands of cancer confined to the prostate

Question 6

Risk factors for prostate cancer

Answer 6

• age >50
• family history
• cadmium exposure
• lack of exercise

Question 7

Pathogenesis of prostate cancer

Answer 7

• likely involves endocrine system
• tumors originate on periphery of prostate
• metastasis via lymphatic system & possibly other routes

Question 8

Signs & symptoms of prostate cancer

Answer 8

• dull, vague, diffuse, ache localized to the lower lumbar spine or upper sacral regions
• urinary symptoms only after the tumor has grown to sufficient size to compromise the urethra

Question 9

Treatments for prostate cancer

Answer 9

• monitoring & treatment of symptoms
• surgery: transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP), radical prostatectomy (remove prostate & seminal vesicles)
• radiation therapy
• hormone therapy: orchiectomy (removal of the testes), luteinizing hormone (stops testosterone), and anti-androgens (blocks testosterone)
• chemotherapy

Question 10

Surgical complications for prostate cancer

Answer 10

• incontinence
• impotence (erectile dysfunction)
• inguinal hernia

Question 11

Risk factors for testicular cancer

Answer 11

• age: most common b/w 15-35 and 2nd most common b/w 35-39
• testes not descending into scrotum
• white
• economically developed and/or western nation

Question 12

Signs & symptoms of testicular cancer

Answer 12

• testicular enlargement + pain, swelling, and/or hardness
• ache in the abdomen or scrotum
• back/groin pain

Question 13

Treatment for testicular cancer

Answer 13

• chemotherapy + organ sparing surgery
• prognosis is good but chemotherapy complications still an issue

Question 14

Endometriosis

Answer 14

• endometrial tissue grows outside the uterus
• ovaries, fallopian tubes, ligaments supporting the uterus, and other areas in the pelvic cavity

Question 15

Risk factors for endometriosis

Answer 15

• women in their 20’s and 30’s

Question 16

Symptoms of endometriosis

Answer 16

• pain in sacrum below L5/S1 possibly lateralized
• pains begins in the premenstrual stage and merges with menstrual pain

Question 17

Uterine fibroid

Answer 17

• benign fibroid tumor on inner or outer uterine surface

Question 18

Risk factors for uterine fibroid

Answer 18

• women ages 35-45
• African American descent, women who have never been pregnant
• family history

Question 19

Signs & symptoms of uterine fibroid

Answer 19

• often asymptomatic
• heavy menstrual bleeding
• bleeding after intercourse
• bleeding b/w menstrual periods
• frequent urination
• abdominal swelling
• low back pain during intercourse or menstrual periods
• fatigue
• constipation
• repeated miscarriages

Question 20

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

Answer 20

• spectrum of infections of the female genital tract to involve the endometrium and/or fallopian tubes
• commonly associated with gonorrhea and chlamydia

Question 21

Risk factors for pelvic inflammatory disease

Answer 21

• sexually active women younger than 25
• gonorrhea and chlamydia
• intrauterine procedures
• presence of endocervical infection
• use of an IUD

Question 22

Signs & symptoms of pelvic inflammatory disease

Answer 22

• bilateral lower abdominal pain
• vaginal discharge
• low back pain
• irregular vaginal bleeding
• fever, nausea, vomiting

Question 23

Salpingitis

Answer 23

• infection & inflammation of the oviducts

Question 24

Risks factors for salpingitis

Answer 24

• retrograde menstrual flow & opening of the cervix during menstruation
• surgical procedures
• bacterial infections
• gonorrhea & chlamydia

Question 25

Signs & symptoms of salpingitis

Answer 25

• diffuse lower abdominal ache
• purulent vaginal discharge
• abnormal vaginal bleeding
• low back pain
• symptoms of peri-hepatic inflammation

Question 26

Ectopic pregnancy

Answer 26

• fertilized egg implants outside the uterus
• most often in the fallopian tube but ovary, cervix, & abdomen are also possible

Question 27

Risk factors for ectopic pregnancy

Answer 27

• pregnancy after tubal ligation
• surgery to reverse a tubal ligation
• previous ectopic pregnancy
• IUD in place at the time of conception
• projection only hormonal contraceptives
• fallopian tube damage secondary to infection
• pelvic inflammatory disease
• gonorrhea & chlamydia
• female evaluated & treated for infertility

Question 28

Signs & symptoms of ectopic pregnancy

Answer 28

• 6-7 weeks of pregnancy
• abdominal or pelvic pain
• amenorrhea or irregular bleeding
• shoulder pain may occur particularly when lying down
• signs & symptoms of shock