sex linked genes and recombinants, linkage, etc Flashcards

1
Q

autosomal genes

A

inherited through recessive alleles or dominant alleles
n=22
non-sex related

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2
Q

x-linked genes

A

recessive and dominant inheritance
n=1

genes found on x-chromosome
(more genes are x-linked)

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3
Q

y-linked genes

A

passed down by male lineage only
genes found on y chromosomes
(less genes are known to be y linked)

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4
Q

recessively inherited disorders

A

only show up in homozygous recessive individuals (aa)

need to get both or 2 copies of the gene to be affected

both affected parents —> affected offspring

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5
Q

what does a autosomal recessively inherited disorder look like on pedigree

A

half filled in squares/circles; equal chance for affected males/females

affected offspring often from unaffected parents

skipping between affected offspring generation could occur

2 heterozygotes = 1/4 probability of child being affected

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6
Q

autosomal dominant traits on pedigree

A

affected children have at least one affected parent

doesn’t skip generations

equal # of affected males and females

unaffected parents dont produce affected children (other than by mutation)

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7
Q

autosomal dominant disorders

A

associated with the dominant allele
affected have Aa or AA genotype

just need one copy of the gene to be affected

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8
Q

autosomes vs sex chromosomes

A

chromosomes 1-22 are autosomes

if an allele of a gene on autosomes specify a trait, you can inherit those alleles from either parent

last pair of chromosomes #23 = sex chromosome

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9
Q

z-w chromosomal system

A

birds snakes butterflies and fish

z=male
z w=female

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10
Q

x-o chromosomal system

A

insects
x = male

xx= females

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11
Q

haploid-diploid chromosomal system

A

bees ants wasps

diploid = female (develop from a fertilized egg)

haploid= male
(develop from an unfertilized egg)

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12
Q

which sex chromosome determines sex of a human child

A

mainly sperm

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13
Q

sex linked genes

A

genes found on one sex-chromosome, but not the other one

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14
Q

many ___ cause diseases in humans

A

x-linked alleles
these diseases occur more frequently in male
^ only need one X to have the gene

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15
Q

x-linked recessive pedigree

A

more affected males than females

all sons of afffected females will be affected

affected daughters have affected fathers

can skip generations

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16
Q

x-linked dominant pedigree

A

affected fathers have 100% affected daughters

17
Q

for an x-linked recessive trait to be expressed what must occur

A

a person with XX needs two copies of the allele(homozygous)

a person with XY only needs 1 copy of the allele (hemizygous)

18
Q

why are males more likely to have x-linked recessive genes

A

they only need 1 allele whereas females need two

19
Q

hemophilia A

A

caused by x-linked recessive genes
dominant allele = X^H
recessive = X^h-A

encodes defective version of a clotting protein

20
Q

x-activation in female mammals

A

in early embryo, all X chromosomes are initially active and cells have both alleles

one of the two X chromosomes is randomly inactivated in each somatic cell, which becomes the Barr body

21
Q

heterozygous females for a sex-linked trait will have

A

a mosaic for that character

ex: cat with black and orange fur

22
Q

mendel’s law of independent assortment

A

separation of homologous chromosomes during metaphase I
explains why he always observed a 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio in the F2 generation when he followed 2 characters at a time

23
Q

linkage / linked genes

A

when two or more genres are close together on the same chromosome, then they tend to be transmitted as a unit

24
Q

linkage groups

A

group of genes that tend to stay together during meiosis

these genes don’t follow the law of independent assortment

25
Q

genetic recombination

A

production of offspring with combination of traits that differ from those found in either P generation parent

unlinked genes on the same chromosome can undergo crossing over with other chromosomes to produce new allele combinations

26
Q

nonrecombinatn vs recombinant

A

nonrecombinant offspring match P generation parents

recombinants have new combinations of alleles/traits that don;t match the parents

27
Q

crossing over with linked vs unlinked genes

A

unlinked genes on the same chromosome can do more crossing over and increases the likelihood or recombinants

linked genes are less likely to have crossing over lead to new allele combinations

28
Q

how do we explain the occurrence of recombinant when genes are linked

A

crossing over still does occur but at a much lesser rate

29
Q

how does the distance between two genes impact the likelihood of crossing over?

A

if genes are very close together, a crossover is unlikely to occur in the region between them

if genes are very far apart, a crossover is more likely to occur in the region between them, leading to more recombinants

30
Q

what allows us to determine the relative distance between linked genes based on the likelihood that a crossover will occur between them

A

genetic mapping

arrangement of genes along a chromosome (genetic map)

31
Q

map distance

A

recombinant frequency of test crosses

units of map distance —> mu

32
Q

how to calculate map distance

A

number of recombinants
———————————. * 100
total number of offspring