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mcdb1A > prokaryotes vs eukaryotes > Flashcards

prokaryotes vs eukaryotes Flashcards

1
Q

cell theory

A

cells are fundamental unit of life

all living organisms are composed of cells

all cells come from preexisting cells

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2
Q

microscopy

A

watching and learning about cells by lookng at their movement

light microscopy
fluorescent microscopy
electron microscopy

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3
Q

difference between the three microscopy methods

A

light microscopy - you can basically just see the cell

fluorescent microscopy - bright/neon

electron microscopy - must be fixed –> cells must be killed

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4
Q

kill and spill

A

way to investigate cells outside of microscopy

  • cell fractionation
  • centrifugation
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5
Q

cell fractionation

A

blow up cells and separate major organelles and structure from one another

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6
Q

centrifugation

A

spin lysate at increasing speeds to separate out the alrger, then progressively smaller fragments

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7
Q

life is segmented into what three main domains

A

archaea
eukaryotic
bacteria

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8
Q

prokaryotes characteristsics

A

don’t have membrane bound organelles

no nucleus

they have ribosomes, plasma membrane, and nucleoid

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9
Q

peptidoglycan cell wall

A

cell wall that bacterial cells have

made out of plasma membrane with peptidoglycan on top of it

peptidoglycan is made up of peptides holding two carbohydrates
- NAM and NAG carbohydrates interlinked and bound by oligosaccharides

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10
Q

different cell wall architecture between two types of bacteria

A

gram-positive
gram - negative

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11
Q

gram-positive cell wall

A

purple stained cell
made up of layers of peptidoglycan
only rely n the layers of peptidoglycan

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12
Q

gram-negative

A

one layer of peptidoglycan
two double membranes
have lipopolysaccharides

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13
Q

different bacteria shapes

A

cocci-round
bacilli-rod shaped
spiral

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14
Q

antibiotic drugs/ how they work

example

A

destroy cell wall to kill bacteria
ex: penicillin binds to protein and inhibits its function

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15
Q

ways to kill bacteria

A

cell wall synthesis
dna replication
translation
folic acid metabolism

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16
Q

bacterial flagella –> what they do how they move

A

flagella allows identification of bacterial cell type

flagella made up of flagellin

counterclockwise movement of flagella allows them to move forward

clockwise makes them tumble

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17
Q

pili

A

short, hollow tread-like structure on bacterial cell

allows bacteria to adhere to one another and to each other

also allows for bacterial conjugation

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18
Q

bacterial conjugation

A

bacterial sex

one bacteria has a specific plasmid

the bacteria with the plasmid contacts the other bacteria with pilus

dna polymerase reads the dna and replicates the plasmid

both bacteria now have the plasmid

allows them to learn how to protect themselves from antibiotics

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19
Q

plasmid

A

smaller than chromosomal dna but carries many genes
circular

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20
Q

Why do we breathe in oxygen and respire carbon dioxide

A

Oxygen acts as a terminal electron acceptor of oxidative phosphorylation and the carbon dioxide is a waste product in pyruvate oxidation and the TCA cycle

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21
Q

Limits to cellular size

why are cells so small

A

Smaller cells allow for faster diffusion of gasses

Closer the mitochondria is to the surface, the faster that diffusion will occur

Get nutrients in and waste products out → easier with smaller cells

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22
Q

Why are we not made up of three giant cells

A

Cells must be small so diffusion of nutrients and waste products can occur efficiently

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23
Q

Unicellular organisms

A

Single cells
Limited capabilities
Every function must be done by one cell

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24
Q

Multicellular organisms

A

Can be larger in size because many cells are working for one organism
More specialized functions

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25
Q

All life shares:

A

Dna is the genetic material of life

Cells are surrounded by a membrane

Have ribosomes that perform translation

Similar metabolism

Similar chemical composition

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26
Q

4 major differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

Eukaryotes can be both unicellular and multicellular but tend to be multicellular → prokaryotes are unicellular

Eukaryotes have a nucleus and other organelles that are surrounded by plasma membrane

Eukaryotes are 10 to 100 times larger

Eukaryotes have cytoplasm complexity
- have many Organelles

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27
Q

Nucleus

A

have a Double membrane called Nuclear envelope

Contain nucleolus, nuclear pore, nuclear lamina, etc

28
Q

Nucleolus

A

Site for assembling ribosomes

29
Q

chromosomes

A

Large dna molecules attached to proteins that regulate their expression

Compacting or relaxing dna to change how accessible they are

30
Q

Lamin

A

Packaging material

part of the cytoskeleton of the cell

Made of many proteins

Role is to protect dna

31
Q

nuclear pores

A

regulate what comes in and out of the nucleus
Nuclear pore checks to make sure pre-mrna is processed into mature rna before it is sent to the cytoplasm

32
Q

exportins

A

proteins responsible for allowing mrna to leave

33
Q

how do we get things inside the nucleus

A

they must have some sort of id
nuclear localization sequence of proteins
embedded in organelles
“postal code” recognized by protein called importin that allow things to enter nucleus

34
Q

integral membrane proteins

A

proteins that are a part of the endomembrane system

list:
- rough er
- smooth er
- golgi apparatus
-lysosomes

35
Q

what two things make up endoplasmic reticulum

A

rough er
- plasma membrane that is flattened out but with ribosomes on it

smooth er
- flattened out plasma membrane without any ribosomes on it

36
Q

golgi apparatus structure

A

stack of plasma membrane discs that are adjacent to one another

37
Q

lysosomes structure

A

bubbles of fat
sacs

38
Q

in order for proteins to be secreted out of the cell or to stay in the plasma membrane to go into any of these organelles, you need a ____

A

signaling peptide

s.p. must be at the n-terminus(first sequence to be read)

39
Q

in order to remain in endomembrane system. proteins need

A

a retention sequence

40
Q

Suppose you wish to determine the identity of a mitochondrial import peptide sequence that is part of a protein, which is encoded by the nuclear genome, that functions in the electron transport chain. You suspect the sequence is MAMAMAMA. What would be best to do to establish the identity of the sequence

A

show the MAMAMAMA sequence is necessary for import by deleting it from the protein and measuring import of the protein into the mitochondria
show the sequence is sufficient for import by adding it to an enzyme in glycolysis and measuring import of the protein into the mitochondria

41
Q

the mcdb1a protein is synthesized by both muscle and liver cells. in liver cells, mcdb1a protein is found free floating around the cytoplasm; in contrast, it is never found free in the cytoplasm of muscle cells but is always sent to the nucleus. what must be true about the MCDB1A mRNA?

A

muscle MCDB1a mRNA is likely larger than liver MCDB1A mRNA due to the NLS sequence

42
Q

nuclear lamina

A

support nucleus inside of the membrane (skeleton of nucleus)

3 types of lamin in humans but they are only made up of 2 separate genes (A,B,C)

splicing allows for the different types of lamin

43
Q

progeria

A

medical condition caused by mutations in lamin
premature aging due to abnormal nucleus shape

44
Q

endomembrane system

A

composed of the endoplasmic reticulum, golgi complex, vesicles/lysosomes, and vacuoles

dense network of closed membrane tubules, closed vesicles, and closed sacs

bubbles of fat that are flattened or pinched into different shapes/organelles

single phospholipid bilayer membrane

there is a constant movement in the system

45
Q

endomembrane system function

A

sequester
- lock molecules/particles into the cisternal space of the vesicles or sacs

transport
- transport sequestered molecules around or out of the cell

chemical modification
-chemically modify sequestered molecules

46
Q

endocytosis vs exocytosis

A

exocytosis
release of cargo outside of the cell
contents of the vesicle are released by the fusion of plasma membrane of vesicle and of the cell

endocytosis
indagination
eating molecules outside the cell to bring them in

47
Q

lysosome

A

vesicle with digestive enzymes that can break down molecules that are ingested

proteases break down proteins

nucleases that break down nucleic acids

glycosylases that break down carbohydrates

48
Q

what family does lysosome and its digestive enzymes belong to

A

hydrolases

they use water to break the macromolecules down into monomeric units

49
Q

vesicles

A

bubble of fat made up of one phospholipid bilayer
circular, small mobile, single-membrane organelle that moves things around throughout the cell
little sacs

vesicles are pinched out from plasma membrane, carrying contents in it when indagination occurs
to restore the portion of the plasma membrane lost from this, the vesicle fuses to the membrane and releases its contents during exocytosis

50
Q

rough er

A

has ribosomes attached to its surface
synthesizes proteins with signaling peptides

proteins with signaling peptides is detected by proteins that dock it into the er. then the ribosome takes the protein and secretes it into the er
protein goes through rough er, smooth er, golgi, and outside the cell
make all secreted proteins

51
Q

smooth er

A

lacks ribosomes
ribosomes font dock into er
synthesize lipids, metabolize carbs, detox drugs and poison, store Ca2+
Ca2+ is a signaling molecule for several different mechanisms
calcium is stored in smooth er

52
Q

golgi body

A

same as others, bubble made out of fat but it has been flattened into tubes called cisternae
moves and transports things through cisternae

53
Q

cisternae

A

makes up golgi body

two faces
cis face (points towards nucleus)
receives things into the cell

trans face (pointing to outside of the cell)
ships out the cell

molecules move from cis to trans and are chemically modified

54
Q

insulin

A

protein that your pancreas secretes to let your body know there is sugar in your blood

55
Q

vacuole

A

store toxic waste materials
store food, nutrients, ions, metabolites

56
Q

mitochondria

A

about the size of a bacterial cell
produces ATP
regulates Ca2+ in the cytosol
regulates programmed cell death
grow and divide via binary fission
have their own chromosome

57
Q

the number of mitochondria depend on the cell
why?

A

if you have a cell that does a lot of work, you will have a lot of mitochondria in one cell

58
Q

what does the mitochondria having its own chromosome mean

A

encodes ribosomal rna, trna, atp synthase, etc proteins

59
Q

retrograde transport

A

when proteins move from nucleus to mitochondria

require mitochondrial localization sequence to occur

60
Q

plastids

A

family of organelles that are double membrane
main function is to synthesize sugars (chloroplasts)
store pigments and starches (chromoplasts, leucoplast)

61
Q

chloroplasts

A

presents in plants and protists
thylakoid membranes stack to form grana/granum
contain light harvesting pigments called chlorophyll
to synthesize sugars two reactions occur in chloroplasts

62
Q

what occurs in chloroplasts

A

photosynthesis

63
Q

two reactions of photosynthesis

A

light reactions
calvin cycle

64
Q

light reactions - photosynthesis

A

occurs in membranes of chloroplast thylakoids
harvest energy of sun
use energy holding hydrogen and oxygen together in a water molecule to produce ATP
pass down high energy electrons using sunlight, which excites the electrons in the chlorophyll
electrons make their way down an atp synthase to produce atp
nadp+ is the electron acceptor, nadph is the electron carrier

65
Q

calvin cycle

A

happen in stroma (liquid around thylakoids)
takes co2 from the air and creates glucose
reduces CO2 to sucrose

mcdb1A (11 decks)

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