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IPE > Sex Differences in Sport and Exercise > Flashcards

Sex Differences in Sport and Exercise Flashcards

1
Q

Sex

A

based on biological characteristics

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2
Q

Gender

A

a way people identify themselves

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3
Q

Female genotype

A

XX

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4
Q

Male genotype

A

XY

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5
Q

What percent of individuals are thought to be in the middle of the sex continuum or disorders of sex development (DSD)?

A

approximately 2%

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6
Q

What is the prevalance of of total number of people whose bodies differ from standard male or female?

A

1 in 100 births

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7
Q

Sexual dimorphisms

A

distinct differences between males and females

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8
Q

What are sources of sexual dimorphisms?

A

Body composition:
* muscle mass
* heart size
* adiposity

Hemoglobin concentration
Sex-steroid hormones

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9
Q

What do males tend to have higher levels of endogenously?

A

testosterone

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10
Q

What do females typically have higher levels of endogenously?

A

estrogen and progesterone

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11
Q

What is the range of testosterone in a typical adult male?

A

270-1070 ng/dL

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12
Q

What is the range of estrogen in a typical adult male?

A

10-40 pg/dL

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13
Q

What is the range of progesterone in a typical adult male?

A

< 1 ng/dL

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14
Q

What is the range of testosterone in a typical adult female?

A

20-70 ng/dL

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15
Q

What is the range of estrogen in a typical adult female?

A

pre-menopausal: 10-350 pg/dL
post-menopausal: < 10 pg/dL

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16
Q

What is the range of progesterone in a typical adult female?

A

follicular stage: < 1ng/dL
luteal stage: 2-25 ng/dL
post-menopausal: < 1 ng/dL

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17
Q

Describe testosterone production in people with testes?

A

95% production comes from testes

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18
Q

Describe testosterone production in people without testes.

A
  • adipose and lungs (androstenedione) = 50%
  • ovaries = 25% (if present)
  • adrenal cortex = 25%
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19
Q

Describe estrogen/progesterone production in people with ovaries.

A

ovaries produce most in people with them

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20
Q

Describe estrogen/progesterone production in people without ovaries.

A
  • testes = 20%
  • adipose, brain, skin, bone = the rest of production
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21
Q

How is the majority of estrogen produced in people without ovaries?

A

conversion of testosterone into estrogen via aromatase

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22
Q

What is the blood carrier protein testosterone requires?

A

SHBG

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23
Q

What receptor does does testosterone bind to?

A

androgen receptor (AR)

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24
Q

Androgenic

A

promotes “masculine” physical features

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25
Q

Is testosterone anabolic or catabolic?

A

anabolic - testosterone promotes protein synthesis

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26
Q

What should be known about testosterone in regards to sex differences in exercise performance?

A

it is the key determinant of sex differences in exercise performance

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27
Q

What are testosterones acute responses to exercise training?

A

temporary increased testosterone levels
* stimulates muscle protein synthesis and recovery

enhance testosterone sensitivity
* increases sensitivity of muscle cells to anabolic effects

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28
Q

How does chronic training affect testosterone?

A

improved testosterone production
* created more efficient testosterone production and release

enhanced testosterone utilization
* leads to greater muscle growth and strength gains

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29
Q

What are the benefits of supraphysiological testosterone?

A

gains in muscle mass and strength

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30
Q

What are some of the adverse effects of supraphysiological testosterone?

A
  • ventricular wall thickening
  • high blood glucose
  • high blood lipids
  • androngenic effects
  • psychological disturbances (aggression, violence)
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31
Q

What are two points about sex and individual differences in testosterone and physiological adaptation?

A
  1. dose-response relationship for testosterone
  2. androgen receptor content and sensitivity
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32
Q

What blood carrier protein does estrogen require?

A

SHBG

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33
Q

What receptor does estrogen bind to?

A

estrogen receptors (ER)

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34
Q

Does estrogen play as large of a role in sex differences in exercise performance as testosterone?

A

no, estrogen is not a primary contributor to sex differences in exercise performance

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35
Q

How does estrogen indirectly limit exercise performance?

A
  • increases body fat %
  • wider hips –> increased risk and incidence of knee injuries (compared to males)
35
Q

Where does estrogen cause female fat depostion?

A

rapid storage of adipose tissue on thigh and hips

36
Q

Why is there rapid storage of adipose tissue on hips and thighs?

A

increased lipoprotein lipase activity

37
Q

Estrogen can reduce lipolytic activity in thighs and hips doing what to women?

A

give distinct female fat deposition pattern

38
Q

Sexual Dimorphisms: High Testosterone

A
  • increased bone formation –> larger bones
  • increased protein synthesis –> larger muscles
  • increased EPO secretion –> higheer RBC production
39
Q

What is the significance of high testosterone during development?

A

high testosterone during development leads to life-long differences in body size and physiology

40
Q

Sexual Dimorphisms: High Estrogen

A
  • increased fat deposition (lipoprotein lipase)
  • increased fat mass, increased % body fat
  • faster, briefer bone growth
  • shorter stature, lower total body mass
41
Q

Sex Differences: Body Composition

Height in females compared to males?

A

5 inches shorter

42
Q

Sex Differences: Body Composition

Weight (lbs) in females compared to males?

A

30-40 lbs lighter

43
Q

Sex Differences: Body Composition

Adipose tissure in females compared to males?

A

7-13 lbs more in females

44
Q

Sex Differences: Body Composition

Relative body fat in females compared to males?

A

6-10% higher relative body fat

45
Q

Sex Differences: Body Composition

Effects of estrogen during puberty?

A

shortened time for development

46
Q

Sex Differences: Body Composition

Effects of testosterone during puberty?

A

increases muscle and bone growth

47
Q

Sex Differences: Muscle Strength

Absolute Strength of the upper body in females compared to males?

A

women 40-60% weaker

48
Q

Sex Differences: Muscle Strength

Absolute Strength of lower body in females compared to males?

A

women 25-30% weaker

49
Q

Sex Differences: Muscle Strength

Why are females typically weaker compared to males? What is this due to?

A
  • females have smaller muscle fibers
  • weakness is due to total muscle mass difference, not difference in innate muscle mechanisms
50
Q

Sex Differences: Muscle Strength

What happens when strength is expressed per unit of muscle cross-sectional area?

A

no sex strength disparity exist when expressed per unit of muscle cross-sectional area
* more cross-bridges = more force

51
Q

Sex Differences: Muscle Strength

Relative Strength comparison of fiber-type distribution between females and males?

A

similar fiber-type distribution

52
Q

Sex Differences: Muscle Strength

Relative Strength comparison of capillarization between males and females?

A

similar capillarization

53
Q

Sex Differences: Muscle Strength

At the same Relative Intensity, females tend to be more what?

A

fatigue resistant

54
Q

Sex Differences: Metabolism

Females rely more on what type of metabolism?

A

fat metabolism
* women spare glucose better than males

55
Q

Responses to Acute Exercise: Cardiovascular Function

What are the sex differences in maximum HR?

A

there a no sex differences in maximum HR

56
Q

Responses to Acute Exercise: Cardiovascular Function

For the same absolute submaximal workload, how does cardiac output compare?

A

same cardiac outputs

57
Q

Responses to Acute Exercise: Cardiovascular Function

At the same absolute submaximal workload, how do female CO differ from males?

A

females have a decrease SV and an increased HR (compensatory)

58
Q

Responses to Acute Exercise: Cardiovascular Function

Why do women have a decreased SV and an increased HR during the same absolute submaximal workload?

A
  • smaller heart
  • smaller left ventricle (smaller EF)
  • smaller blood volume
59
Q

Responses to Acute Exercise: Cardiovascular Function

Females also compensate for decreased hemoglobin. How?

A

via increased (a-v)O2 difference (to an extent)

60
Q

Responses to Acute Exercise: Cardiovascular Function

For the same relative submaximal workload, what do males have greater of?

A

greater CO
* often have greater maximal exercise capacity and oxygen consumption
* females tend to have lower oxygen consumption

61
Q

Responses to Acute Exercise: Respiratory Function

Sex differences in respiratory function are largely due to what?

A

body composition
* lung volume
* body size

62
Q

Responses to Acute Exercise: Respiratory Function

For the same relative submaximal workload, how does breathing frequency differ between females and males?

A

similar breathing frequency

63
Q

Responses to Acute Exercise: Respiratory Function

For the same absolute submaximal workload, how does breathing frequency differ between females and males?

A

females have increased breathing frequency

64
Q

Responses to Acute Exercise: Respiratory Function

At submaximal (relative and absolute) and up how do female tidal and ventilatory volumes compare?

A
  • decreased tidal volume
  • decreased ventilatory volume
65
Q

Response to Acute Exercise: Maximal Oxygen Consumption

How does VO2max compare in females and males?

A

~25 % lower in females compared to males

66
Q

Response to Acute Exercise: Maximal Oxygen Consumption

Why is VO2max so much lower in females?

A

decreased max CO
* decreased heart size, decrease plasma volume
* decreased hemoglobin?

decreased lactate threshold at same absolute workload

67
Q

Response to Acute Exercise: Maximal Oxygen Consumption

When can true sex differences be seen?

A

when trained males and females vs untrained individuals

68
Q

Response to Acute Exercise: Maximal Oxygen Consumption

When are sex differences minimized?

A

when VO2max in made relative to body consumption variables
* height, weight, FFM, limb volume

69
Q

Adaptation to Exercise Training: Body Composition

What are the sex differences in adaptations?

A

no sex differences in adaptations
* decreased total body mass, fat mass, % body fat
* increase FFM

bone mineral density maintained by weight-bearing exercise

no effect of sex on connective tissue injury

70
Q

Adaptation to Exercise Training: Muscle Strength

What are the sex differences in adaptations?

A

similar relative (percent) increases in muscle hypertrophy, strength, and power
* males are stronger before training, so absolute increases are larger than females
* muscle strength greater in males due to a greater cross-sectional area of muscle

71
Q

Adaptation to Exercise Training: Cardiovascular and Respiratory Function

What are adaptations in submaximal intensity aerobic exercise?

A

CO unchanged due to increased SV and decreased HR

72
Q

Adaptation to Exercise Training: Cardiovascular and Respiratory Function

What are the adaptations in maximal intensity aerobic exercise?

A
  • increased preload and contractility –> increased SV max –> increased CO
  • increased muscle blood flow and capillary density
  • increased maximal ventilation
73
Q

Adaptation to Exercise Training: Cardiovascular and Respiratory Function

What are the adaptations in VO2max?

A
  • increases 15-25%
  • increased CO, increased muscle blood flow
  • dependent on type of training
74
Q

Adaptation to Exercise Training: Cardiovascular and Respiratory Function

What are the adaptations in lactate threshold?

A
  • increased lactate threshold
  • decreased blood lactate for a given work rate
75
Q

How does sport performance compare between females and males?

A

males outperform females by all objective standards of competition
* most noticeable in upper-body events
* less noticeable in ultra-endurance events

76
Q

Female Athlete Triad

How do exercise responses differ across the menstrual cycle?

A

no physiological differences in exercise responses across menstrual phases
* high individula variability
* psychosocial responses

77
Q

Female Athlete Triad

Overtraining can lead to menstrual dysfunction… How?

A
  • effects of stress (psychological and physiological)
  • high volume and/or intensity
  • low body weight and/or % body fat
  • energy deficit
  • hormonal alterations
78
Q

Female Athlete Triad

What is the female athlete triad?

A

particularly common in sports that value leanness or appearance (running and ballet)
* menstrual dysfunction
* low energy availability: reduced caloric intake and/or excessive exercise
* decreased bone mineral density: estrogen deficiency, nutrient deficiency

79
Q

Female Athlete Triad

Treatment

A
  • increase caloric intake
  • decrease activity
80
Q

Exercise during pregnancy?

A

benefits outweigh risks if recommendations are followed

81
Q

Menopause

When does menopause usually occur?

A

between ages 45 - 55
* symptoms can significantly lower QOL

82
Q

Menopause

How do estrogen and progesterone levels during menopause compare?

A

now similar to males
* leads to significantly increased risk of osteoporosis

83
Q

Menopause

Exercise?

A

exercise is recommended to improve mood, decrease depression, and improve sleep

84
Q

Why do physiological differences persist after menopause?

A
  • body size/ventilatory capacity
  • life-long exposure to estrogen
  • age-related changes

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