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IPE > Exercise and the Immune System > Flashcards

Exercise and the Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

Immunity

A

mechanisms used in the body to protect against foreign agents

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2
Q

immune system

A

physical, cellular, and chemical components that create redundancy in protection

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3
Q

What are the three layers of the immune system?

A
  • physical barriers (skin, mucous membranes, enzymes, microbiota)
  • innate immune system
  • adaptive immune system
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4
Q

Describe the innate immune system.

A

nonspecific

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5
Q

Where are all blood cells made?

A

in the bone marrow from stem cells

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6
Q

What are the cells on the innate immune system?

A
  • leukocytes
  • macrophages
  • neutrophils
  • NK cells
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7
Q

leukocytes

A
  • (WBC) recognize and remove foreign invaders
  • circulate in the blood and tissues
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8
Q

Macrophages and neutrophils

A

engulf foreign agents (phagocytosis), kill, and remove them

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9
Q

NK cells

A
  • cells stored in blood, liver and spleen
  • destroy infected cell, parasites, cancer cells
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10
Q

cytokines

A

chemical messengers secreted by immune cells (macrophages, neutrophils, NK cells)
* can activate or attract other immune cells
* increase blood flow to area of infection (redness, swelling, heat, pain)
* mediate fever responses

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11
Q

autocrine

A

self-signaling

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12
Q

paracrine

A

signaling nearby cells

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13
Q

endocrine

A

signaling distant cells through blood

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14
Q

Pro-inflammatory cytokines action

A
  • increase inflammation
  • increase immunity
  • pathogen killing
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15
Q

pro-inflammatory cytokines endpoint

A
  • chronic inflammation
  • scarring
  • fibrosis
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16
Q

examples of pro-inflammatory cytokines

A

IL-1, IL-6, IL-12, TNF-alpha

17
Q

anti-inflammatory cytokine actions

A
  • decrease inflammation
  • angiogenesis
  • matrix proliferation
  • decrease apoptosis
18
Q

anti-inflammatory cytokine endpoint

A
  • cellular replacement
  • tissue regeneration
  • ECM remodeling
19
Q

Examples of anti-inflammatory cytokines

A

IL-10, TGF-beta

20
Q

complement proteins

A

produced by the liver and are present in high concentrations in blood and tissues

21
Q

What are the three main functions of the complement system?

A
  • form ‘membrane attack complexes’: attach to surface of foreign cells to bore a channel into cell membrane which kills the cell
  • tag cells as foreign so other components of the innate immune system recognize and attack
  • serve as a chemoattractant
22
Q

adaptive (acquired) immunity

A

plays a large role in fighting viruses; made up of B- and T-cells

23
Q

B cells

A
  • produce antibodies against antigens (or allergens)
  • activate compliment cascade
  • neutralize viruses
  • attract other immune cells
24
Q

T-cells

A

mature in the thymus; specialize in recognizing protein antigens
* killer t cells
* helper t cells
* regulatory t cells

25
Q

killer t cells

A

recognize and kill virus-infected cells

26
Q

helper t cells

A

secrete cytokines; coordinate response

27
Q

regulatory t cells

A

inhibit response; particularly to self antigens

28
Q

How are training volume and immune function related?

A

J-shaped curve with chronic exercise training intensity
* mostly based on upper respiratory tract infections
* evidence is strongest for aerobic training

29
Q

open window theory

A

after intense exercise increased susceptibility to illness

30
Q

overtraining syndrome

A

unexplained decrease in performance for weeks, months, or years
* cannot be remedied by short-term decrease in training or rest
* can occur with all forms of training
* not all fatigue is caused by overtraining

31
Q

Overtraining syndrome symptoms

A
  • decreased strength, coordination, exercise capacity
  • fatigue
  • change in appetite; weight loss
  • sleep and mood disturbances
  • lack of motivation, vigor or concentration

high individualized and subjective; necessary to rule out other causes

32
Q

When is overtraining syndrome more likely to occur?

A

when training at high volume and intensity for long periods of time

33
Q

psychological factors of overtraining syndrome

A
  • emotional pressure of competition –> stress
  • parallels with clinical depression
34
Q

Overtraining Syndrome

Autonomic/Endocrine

A
  • greater swings in sympathetic/parasympathetic activity
  • increased resting catecholamines
  • decreased resting thyroid hormone and testosterone levels
  • increased resting cortisol
35
Q

Overtraining Syndrome

Testosterone to cortisol ratio

A
  • proposed as an indicator of anabolic recovery processes
  • linked to protein catabolism changes
36
Q

Overtraining Syndrome

Immune Response

A

overtraining suppresses immune function
* decreased number of lymphocytes
* decreased production of antibodes by B cells
* increased incidence of illness after exhaustive exercise (longer open window)

37
Q

Overtraining Syndrome

Circulating cyotkines

A

increase during periods of physical stress + decreased rest
* increase in response to muscle, bone, joint trauma
* persistent increase in circulating cytokines –> inflammation –> associated with overtraining symptoms

38
Q

Overtraining Syndrome

Treatment

A
  • reduced intensity
  • rest (weeks, months)
  • stress management
39
Q

Overtraining Syndrome

Prevention

A
  • periodization training
  • adequate caloric intake (especially carbohydrate)

IPE (3 decks)

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