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IPE > Endocrine System Overview > Flashcards

Endocrine System Overview Flashcards

1
Q

What are the primary endocrine organs?

A

pituitary, pineal, parathyroid, thyroid, adrenal, thymus
PPPTAT

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2
Q

What are the secondary endocrine organs?

A

pancreas, liver, ovaries, adipose tissue, testes, hypothalamus
PLOATH

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3
Q

The nervous system is an electrical communication system. So, what is the endocrine system?

A

a chemical communication system

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4
Q

Compared to the nervous system, what is the speed of endocrine signaling?

A

slower

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5
Q

Compared to the nervous system, what is the duration of endocrine signaling?

A

longer

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6
Q

What are the signaling molecules of the endocrine system?

A

hormones

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7
Q

How does the endocrine system maintain homeostasis?

A
  • controls and regulate cell and organ activity
  • acts on target cells
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8
Q

What does the endocrine system coordinate during rest and exercise?

A

integration of physiological systems

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9
Q

How does the endocrine system maintain homeostasis during exercise?

A
  • controls substrate metabolism
  • regulates fluid and electrolyte balance
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10
Q

What is a gland?

A

an organ/body that secretes substance

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11
Q

Describe exocrine glands.

A
  • contain ducts
  • carry substances directly to a specific surface
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12
Q

Describe endocrine glands.

A
  • ductless
  • secrete substances directly into blood
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13
Q

What is a hormone?

A

signaling molecule that travels through the blood stream
* “chemical messenger”

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14
Q

Are peptide hormones hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

A

hydrophilic

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15
Q

How do peptide hormones travel in the blood?

A

travel dissolved in plasma

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16
Q

What are the two types of peptide hormones?

A
  • Protein or Peptide
  • Amino Acid Derived
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17
Q

Describe protein peptide hormones.

A
  • most non-steroid hormones
  • from pancreas, hypothalamus, and pituitary gland
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18
Q

Describe amino acid derived hormones.

A
  • thyroid hormones (T3, T4)
  • adrenal medulla (NE, Epi)
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19
Q

Describe the MOA for peptide hormones.

A
  1. hormone binds to surface receptor
  2. secondary messengers are released in cytoplasm
  3. secondary messengers enter nucleus to cause cellular response
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20
Q

Are steroid hormones hydrophilic or hydrphobic?

A

hydrophobic

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21
Q

How do steroid hormones travel in the blood?

A

travel bound to carrier proteins

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22
Q

What are steroid hormones derived from?

A

cholesterol

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23
Q

Steroid hormones are secreted by what 4 major glands?

A
  • adrenal cortex (cortisol, aldosterone)
  • ovaries (estrogen, progesterone)
  • testes (testosterone)
  • placenta (estrogen, progesterone)
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24
Q

Describe the MOA for steroid hormones.

A
  1. steroid hormone crosses the lipid bilayer of target cell
  2. binds to steroid receptor within cytoplasm
  3. bound complex moves into nucleus to cause cellular response
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25
Q

What is a half life?

A

the time it takes a quantity to reduce to half of its original value

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26
Q

Do peptide or steroid hormones have longer half-lives?

A

steroid hormones have longer half-lives compared to peptide hormones

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27
Q

How do hormones enact effects?

A

by binding to receptors

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28
Q

Do all cell types have every hormone receptor?

A

No, not every cell type has a receptor for every hormone

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29
Q

Is plasma concentration a good measure of hormone activity?

A

NO, plasma concentration is a poor indicator of hormone activity

30
Q

Why is plasma concentration a poor indicator of hormone activity?

A
  • cells change sensitivity to hormones
  • number of receptors on cell surface can change
31
Q

What causes hormone desensitization?

A

down-regulation
* decreasing number of receptors during high plasma concentration

32
Q

What causes hormone sensitization?

A

up-regulation
* increasing number of receptors during high plasma concentration

33
Q

What are the major endocrine glands responsible for metabolic regulation?

A
  • anterior pituitary gland
  • thyroid gland
  • adrenal gland
  • pancreas
34
Q

Where is the pituitary gland located?

A

attached to the inferior hypothalamus

35
Q

What are the lobes of the pituitary gland?

A

anterior, intermediate, posterior

36
Q

What triggers the release of hormones from the pituitary gland? What type of factors are released?

A
  • hypothalamic hormones
  • both inhibiting and releasing
37
Q

How does exercise affect all pituitary hormones?

A

exercise increases the secretion of all anterior pituitary hormones

38
Q

What are major points about GH?

A
  • anabolic hormone
  • mobilizes fat as primary substrate
39
Q

GH ?? gluconeogenesis in the liver, but it ?? blood glucose uptake by some tissues.

A
  • stimulates gluconeogenesis in the liver
  • prevents blood glucose uptake by some tissues
40
Q

How is GH related with exercise?

A

Increased exercise = increased GH
* proportional

41
Q

How is GH related to age?

A

increased age = decreased GH
* inversely

42
Q

T4

A

thyroxine

43
Q

T3

A

triiodothyronine

44
Q

How are T3 and T4 related?

A

T4 is the precursor to T3 (more active form)

45
Q

What is the main function of thyroid hormones?

A
  • set level of metabolism in many tissues
  • high thyroid hormones = high metabolism
46
Q

What are important affects of increased thyroid hormones?

A

increased…
* metabolic rates
* protein synthesis
* number and size of mitochondria
* glucose uptake by cells
* rates of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis
* FFA mobilization

47
Q

What are important points to know about thyroid hormones?

A
  • steroid-like hormones but actually amine hormones
  • T3 and T4
48
Q

How are exercise and thyroid hormones related?

A

increased exercise increase TSH release

49
Q

What does the adrenal cortex release?

A

corticosteroids
* glucosteroids, mineralcorticoids, and gonadocorticoids

50
Q

What is a major glucosteroid released by the adrenal cortex?

A

cortisol

51
Q

What are 3 major things cortisol does?

A
  • stimulates gluconeogenesis
  • increase lipolysis, FFA mobilization
  • causes protein breakdonw (catabolism)
52
Q

What is a major cause of cortisol secretion??

A

stress

53
Q

How does acute exercise affect cortisol levels?

A

it increases cortisol levels

54
Q

How does exercise training affect cortisol levels?

A

decreases cortisol levels

55
Q

What does the adrenal medulla release?

A

catecholamines
* NE (20%) and Epi (80%)

56
Q

What are major affects of catecholamine release?

A

increased….
* glycogenolysis
* FFA metabolism
* blocking of glucose uptake in some cell types

57
Q

How does exercise affect catecholamine levels?

A

exercise increases the levels of plasma catecholamines

58
Q

What is insulin primary role?

A

lower blood glucose

59
Q

How does insulin lower blood glucose?

A
  • counters hyperglycemia, opposes glucagon
  • facilitates glucose transport into cells
  • enhances synthessis of glycogen, protein and fat
  • inhibits gluconeogenesis
60
Q

What is the primary role of glucagon?

A

raises blood glucose

61
Q

How does glucagon increase blood glucose?

A
  • counters hypoglycemia, opposes insulin
  • promotes glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis
62
Q

What is significant about glucose being a polar molecule?

A
  • can’t cross cell membrane
  • requires a transport protein (GLUT)
63
Q

GLUT1

A

most tissues, non-inducible (constitutive expression)

64
Q

GLUT2

A

on the pancreas

65
Q

GLUT4

A

predominantly in muscle (cardiac, smooth, skeletal), inducible

66
Q

What does adequate glucose utilization require?

A
  • glucose released by the liver (gluconeogenesis/glycogenolysis)
  • glucose uptake by muscles
67
Q

How does GH influence circulating glucose levels?

A
  • increases FFA mobilization
  • decreases cellular glucose uptake
68
Q

How do T3 and T4 influence circulating glucose levels?

A

increases glucose catabolism and fat metabolism

69
Q

As exercise intensity increases…
* catecholamines?
* glycogenolysis?
* muscle glycogen vs. liver glycogen?

A
  • catecholamine release increase
  • glycogenolysis rate increases
  • muscle glycogen is used before liver glycogen
70
Q

As exercise duration increases…
* liver glycogen?
* muscle glucose uptake?
* liver glucose release?
* glycogen stores?
* glucagon levels?

A
  • more liver glycogen is used
  • increase muscle glucose uptake
  • increased liver glucose release
  • decreased glycogen stores
  • increased glucagon levels
71
Q

During exercise…
* insulin concentrations?
* cellular insulin sensitivity?

A
  • insulin concentrations decreases (spare glucose uptake specifically for active muscles)
  • cellular insulin sensitivity increases
  • more glucose is take up and less insulin is used

IPE (3 decks)

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