Sex Dev&Sleep/Dreaming

Question 1

During fetal development, differentiation of the gonads initially depends on the___ but later is largely the result of hormonal exposure. For a genetic male to develop male genitalia, thefetus must be stimulated during the critical period by______. Research using brain imaging techniques hasconfirmed that the brain is sexually_____-i.e., that there are sex-related differences in several brain structures including the corpus callosum, hippocampus, and SCN. At puberty, an increase in sex hormones influences the emergence of the_____sex characteristics. Thisprocess ismediated by the ____ axis. As one ascends the____, the sex hormones become increasingly less important as determinants of adult sexual behavior. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) affects estrogen levels ora combination of estrogen and _____levels andis effective foralleviating_____, mood swings, and vaginal dryness.

Answer 1

sex chromosomes; androgen;dimorphic; secondary; hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal;phylogenetic scale; progesterone; hot flashes;

Question 2

Sleep is divided into five stages. During stage 1, ____ waves are replaced by theta waves, and in stage2, theta waves predominate but are interrupted by bursts of _____and K complexes. Stages 3 or 4 are characterized by large, slow ____waves. The fifth stage ismarked by the presence of __. Because the sleeper isboth in a deep state of sleep and physiologically active, this stage isalso referred to as active or ____sleep.

Answer 2

alpha; sleep spindles; delta; Rapid Eye Movements; paradoxical

Question 3

Sleepers typically pass through all five stages every____, but thepattern of sleep varies with age: In newborns, REM sleep precedes NREM sleep andtakes up ____percent of the total sleep time, while, in adults, it accounts for only about_____percent ofthe sleep period. Sleep deprivation isnot consistently linked with any specific abnormalities, but REM sleep deprivation is usually followed by an REM ___.

Answer 3

90 to100 minutes; 50%; 20%; rebound