Psychopharm

Question 1

Several terms are used to describe the effects of the psychoactive drugs: For example,___produce effects similar to those produced by a neurotransmitter, while___ produce no activity on their own but reduce or block the effects ofa neurotransmitter. Because of the increased risk for adverse side effects, a general rule when prescribing drugs for older adults and members of some ethnic minority groups is to____.

Answer 1

agonist; antagonists; start lowand go slow

Question 2

The traditional antipsychotic drugs are used primarily as a treatment for _____ and are especially effective for alleviating its _____ symptoms such as delusions and hallucinations.Research on the effects of the traditional antipsychotic drugs provides support for thedopamine hypothesis, which attributes Schizophrenia to ___ to dopamine or excessive dopamine levels. These drugs are associated with several undesirable sideeffects including ___ effects (e.g., dry mouth, constipation, blurred vision), and extrapyramidal symptoms. Of the latter, ____is the most seriousside effect, but its symptoms may eventually decrease if the drug is ___. Neuroleptic ____ ischaracterized by arapid onset of muscle rigidity, tachycardia, hyperthermia, altered consciouness.

Answer 2

Schizophrenia; positive; oversensitivity; anticholinergic; tardive dyskinesia; gradually withdrawn; malignant syndrome;

Question 3

The atypical antipsychotic drugs (e.g., clozapine) areassociated with several advantages. They alleviate both the ____sxs ofSchizophrenia andare often effective whentraditional drugs have failed. In addition, they are less likely to produce_____and other extrapyramidal sideeffects (except akathisia). However, theycan cause_____or other blood dyscrasias.

Answer 3

positive and negative;tardive dyskinesia; agranulocytosis

Question 4

The antidepressants include the TCAs, SSRIs, and MAOIs. The TCAs exert theireffects by blocking the reuptake of____,serotonin, and/or dopamine. Their effects on the former support the_____hypothesis. Undesirable sideeffects include ____effects (e.g.,blurred vision, dry mouth, constipation), weight gain, drowsiness, andconfusion. These drugs arealso ___andcan cause hypertension, extreme hypotension, and tachycardia.

Answer 4

norepinephrine; catecholamine;anticholinergic; cardiotoxic

Question 5

The SSRIs are particularlyeffective for____depression. They are less cardiotoxic thanthe TCAs, aresafer in____andare less likely to produce _____ impairments. The SSRIs exert their effects by blocking the reuptake of ____. The MAOIs are most effective for _____depressions. The most dangerous side effect is hypertensive crisis, which can occur when an MAOI is taken in conjunction with certain drugs or foods containing _____.

Answer 5

melancholic; overdose; cognitive; serotonin;non-endogenous and atypical; tyramine;

Question 6

Lithium is the drug-tx-of-choice for “classic’’ ___. To avoid toxicity when taking thisdug, pxs must be careful to avoid fluctuations in their____ intake and to avoid caffeine, alcohol, andother diuretics. Carbamazepine isan ___drug the has been found to have similar effectson manic sxs aslithium and may be more beneficial than lithium for people who experience _____or who havedysphoric mania.

Answer 6

Bipolar; salt(sodium); anticonvulsant; frequent moodswings

Question 7

The sedative-hypnotics are generalized____depressants and include the barbiturates and anxiolytics. The effects of the sedative-hypnotics are synergistic and theybalso produce cross-____. the barbiturates are now rarely prescribed because of their adverse effects.Their use causes a decrease in REM sleep and abrupt cessation can produce an REM ____ and nightmares. The benzodiazepines are the most commonly-prescribed anxiolytic. They are associated with several adverse side effects including drowsiness, lethargy, slurred speech, and _____(lack of muscle coordination). The euphoric feelings produced by the benzodiazepines results in psychological dependence and chronic use can result in the development of_____ and physical dependence. Withdrawal can produce rebound_____.

Answer 7

CNS; tolerance; rebound; ataxia; tolerance; hyperexcitability

Question 8

Propranolol and other beta-blockers are used to treat cardiovascular disease, tremor, andmigraine headache and have been found useful for reducing the_____sxs of anxiety. Propranolol and other beta blockers should not be discontinued_____ because doing so can cause sweating, headache, tremulousness, and cardiac arrhythmia. The narcotic-analgesics haveboth sedative and analgesic effects. Research on the effects of these drugs led to the discovery of natural____receptors in the spinal cord and brain. Chronic use results in tolerance and_____dependence. Amphetamines are currently used to treat____, while methylphenidate is used to treat ADHD. Common side effects of methylphenidate include decreased _____, insomnia, and dysphoria. Higher doses of methylphenidate may cause ____suppression, but occasional ____can help minimize this effect. Methylphenidate is contraindicated for people with pre-existing motor tics or a family history of ______. Disulfiram and naltrexone are both used to prevent alcohol use. Disulfiram does so by causing ____ that deter the individual fromdrinking, while naltrexone blocks the ____and reinforcing effects of alcohol.

Answer 8

physical;abruptly; opioid;psychological and physical; narcolepsy; appetite; growth; drug holiday;Tourette’s Disorder;unpleasant reaction (sxs); craving for