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Sex conflict and cooperation Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

What is sex?

A

Any genetic exchange between individuals, the occurence of meoisis

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2
Q

What does meoisis involve

A

Initiated by the fusion of two haploid gametes to form a diploid zygote. Process of recombination of paternal and maternal genomes

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3
Q

What are the costs of sex

A

Physiological costs of meiosis
Risk of producing maladapted offspring
Cost of mating
Cost of producing males

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4
Q

What does asexual reproduction produce

A

Its a copying process, produces genetically identical clones

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5
Q

What does recombination allow

A

Favourable mutations to be integrated more qucikly into the population

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6
Q

What is mullers rachet

A

Random loss of mutation free chromosomes, population gets worse every generation

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7
Q

What is genetic hitchhiking

A

Deleterious mutations linked to beneifical ones, beneficial under positive selection, increasing in frequency, deleterious mutation is dragged along

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8
Q

What is ruby in the rubbish

A

Linkage between strong deleterious mutation and a weakly beneficial one, weak beneficial one will be lost so process of adaptation is slower

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9
Q

What is the Hill Robertson effect

A

Asexual population, 3 genes, when these beneficial alleles arise, they arise in different individuals. The only way to get the fittest genotype is to wait overtime

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10
Q

What is the benifit of sex

A

Shuffles the genome to produce new combinations of genes

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11
Q

What are the other hypothesises to why sex is maintained

A

Advantageous in variable environments, more likely to be an advantage if the environment changes rapidly

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12
Q

What is the co-evolutionary arms race aka red queen hypothesis and what does it lead to

A

Between parasite and the host. Leads to cycles of adaption and counter adaption

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13
Q

List of evidence for the red queen hypothesis

A

Sex of new zealand snails, parasite has large fitness consequences
High levels of parasitism favours sexual reproduction
Gibson reviewed that theres a strong correlation between parasitism and outcrossing

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14
Q

What determines sex in male in American alligators

A

Incubation of eggs, 33 degrees produces males and lower produces females

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15
Q

Who discorred sex chromosomes in the early 1900s

A

Nettie Stevens

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16
Q

What are the new type of chromosomes

A

Females have ZW, males have ZZ. Occurs in birds, fish and geckos

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17
Q

What happens when recombination is lost

A

Deleterious mutations start to accumulate

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18
Q

What does the X chromosome in humans contain compared to Y

A

1000 genes, Y only encodes 45 proteins

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19
Q

What does gene conversion involve

A

The transfer of genes from the donor sequence to the acceptor sequence facilitated by the amplionic regions

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20
Q

What are palindrome regions

A

Mirror image repeat structures

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21
Q

How many palindrome repeats does the Y chromosome have

A

9

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22
Q

Whats the cycle of sex chromosome evolution

A

Sex chromosomes -> supression -> divergence -> degeneration -> loss of Y/W -> autosomes ->

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23
Q

What are the two different strategies for gamete production

A

One really big gamete, or lots of smaller gametes

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24
Q

What is zygote size determined by

A

The sum of gametes that fuse from it

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25
Q

Which gametes are more likely to survive

A

The bigger gametes

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26
Q

What does disrputive selection of gamete size act against

A

Medium gametes as they are mediocre at both functions. Disruptive selection leads to unequal gamete sizes

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27
Q

Balanced polymorphism/ anisogamy of gametes

A

Males and females produce different sized gametes. Females produce less, larger gametes, males produce smaller gametes

28
Q

Whats the bateman principle

A

Matin success should be more variable than female success. Females are the limiting factor for reproduction

29
Q

What does female limitation lead to

A

Competition between males and the evolution of choosiness among females

30
Q

Direct benifits of choosiness examples

A

Mottled sculpin, females come to breeding patches then lay eggs and males fertilise their eggs and defend terriory- positive correlation between size and the egfs
Female scorpianflies copulations for nuptial gifts- fmeales get nutritional benifits

31
Q

What is fisherian runaway selection and example

A

Females choose males that are attractive because they produce attractive sons
Traits become more exaggerated.
Molly schumer, sword tail fish with elongated fins

32
Q

What do male sexual ornaments tend to be

A

Conditon dependant

33
Q

Costs of sexual selection

A

Favours costly males

34
Q

How can sexual dimorphisms differ

A

In secondary characteristics, in reproductive traits and in physiology

35
Q

What is intra locus conflict

A

When conflict arises in males and females with a shared genetic basis

36
Q

Whats inter-locus conflict

A

A trait in one sex interacts with a trait in another sex, different genomic loci are involved

37
Q

How does intralocus conflict arise

A

When there is contradictory selection pressures between males and females acting on the same gene with the same trait

38
Q

What does intralocys conflict promote

A

Genetic diversity within populations, which is key for adaptions

39
Q

What does concordant mean

A

Operates in the same direction

40
Q

Example of interlocus conflict

A

Sex peptide protein is expressed by males, transferred to females in the mating interaction, reducing female receptivity, ramping up egg production

41
Q

Where are sex biased genes more common in

A

The gonad and are more common in animals

42
Q

What are selfish genes

A

Elemements within the genome that replicate themselves at a higher rate than the normal duplication of DNA

43
Q

What are transposable elements

A

Made up of 3 protein coding components, these are transcribed by normal cellular machinery and translated

44
Q

What can lead to an increase in genome size

A

Transposable elements

45
Q

An example of a meiotic driver in drospophila

A

A gene called sr found in the x chromosome

46
Q

What is altruism

A

Sacrificing their own fitness or reproductive output is beneficial for others to evolve

47
Q

What is the kin selection theory

A

A theory put forward by Hamiltion to explain the problem of altruism

48
Q

Whats inclusive fitness

A

The combination of direct fitness and indirect fitness

49
Q

Whats the hamiltons rule equation

A

rB - C > 0
B = benifit to recipient
C = cost to the actor for an altruistic behaviour
r = degree of relatedness

50
Q

Whats an example of altruism

A

Euosociality

51
Q

Whats hapodiploidy and where does it occur

A

Males come from unfertilised eggs and females are diploid
Happens within ants, wasps and bees

52
Q

Coevolution definiton

A

Reciprocal genetic change in interacting species, owing to natural selection imposed by each on the other

53
Q

What are examples of inerspecific interactions that aren’t coevolution

A

Neutralism, commensalism, amensalism

54
Q

What are examples of inter specific interactions that lead to coevolution

A

Antagonism, competition, mutalism

55
Q

Whats the parasite evolution equation

A

R0 = bN/ v + d + r

56
Q

What does R stand for

A

The fitness of the parasite, the higher the R, the fitter

57
Q

What does bN stand for

A

rate of new infection

58
Q

What does v + d + r stand for

A

rate at which hosts are lost

59
Q

What are parastitoids

A

Parasites where a part of their life cycle means they have to kill their hosts to be passed on to the next generation

60
Q

What are some examples of vertical transmission

A

Mitochondria, aphids and their symbiotic bacteria

61
Q

What are passifloras main adaption

A

Secondary metabolites in the form of cyanogenic compounds

62
Q

What is the counter adaption for the heliconius butterflies

A

The cyanogenic compounds dont effect them

63
Q

Counter adaptions in passiflora

A

Egg mimicry

64
Q

Another counter adaption in the butterflies

A

The butterflies learn leaf shape

65
Q

What are the competition end points

A

One species can out compete the other and drive it to extinction
Could result in adaptations that reduce competition, helping the species to coesxit

66
Q

An example of mutalism

A

Pollinators and flowering plants

biology (9 decks)

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