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Biology > CNS 2 > Flashcards

CNS 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

How are seizures characterised by

A

The location of the abnormal activity and how it spreads

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2
Q

What is the focus of a seizure

A

Where it starts

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3
Q

What is a seizure

A

Abnormal firing of neurons

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4
Q

What is a partial seizure

A

Limited to a particular part of the brain

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5
Q

What is a generalised seizure

A

Involves both hemispheres of the brain

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6
Q

What are simple generalised seizures

A

Do not include the loss of consciousness

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7
Q

What are complex generalised seizures

A

Always include loss of consciousness

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8
Q

What are the causes of seizures

A

Change in blood glucose levels, pH levels, stress, fatigue, flashing lights

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9
Q

How can seizures be induced

A

Head injuries, lesions in the brain, tumours in the brain, infections, genetic components

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10
Q

How can you diagnose seizures

A

ECGS

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11
Q

What gives rise to different types of seizures

A

Mutations in iron channels

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12
Q

What is kainite

A

Normal agonist for glutamate receptors

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13
Q

What occurs in the kindling model

A

Occurs in patients that have reoccurring seizures, repeated low level electrical stimulation over several weeks

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14
Q

How can you treat seizures

A

By increasing inhibitory transmission or decreasing exhibitory transmission

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15
Q

How can we inhibit neurotransmission

A

We can affect the uptake of GABA from the synapse or we can deal with the metabolism of GABA

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16
Q

When are benzodiazepines and barbiturates used and example

A

In emergency situations for example Status epilepticus

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17
Q

An example of an uptake inhibitor

A

Tiagabine

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18
Q

An example of a metabolic inhibitor

A

Valproate

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19
Q

What does GAD do

A

converts glutamate into GABA

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20
Q

What occurs in GABAergic neurons

A

An enzyme is expressed known as glutamic acid decarboxylase

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21
Q

How can we decrease excitatory neurotransmission

A

Limiting the release of glutamate or decreasing the activity of the glutamate receptors

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22
Q

What is the most widely used drug to treat epilepsy

A

Carbamazepine

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23
Q

How do absence seizures work

A

They use a sub type of voltage gated calcium channel known as T-Type

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24
Q

What drugs can treat absent seizures

A

Ethosuximide and valproate

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25
Q

What do GABApentin and pregabalin drugs do

A

They limit the number of calcium channels in the membrane

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26
Q

What are some neurotransmitters in the brain

A

Noradrenaline, dopamine, 5-hydroxytryotamine, acetylcholine

27
Q

What are amine neurotransmitters in the brain associated with

A

High level behaviours, cognition, emotion and awareness

28
Q

What to antipsychotics manage and target

A

Schizophrenia and target dopamine

29
Q

What to antidepressants manage and target

A

Depression and target 5-Hydroxytrpatamine

30
Q

What’s the main source of noradrenaline

A

Locus sereleous

31
Q

What type of receptors detect noradrenaline

A

G- coupled

32
Q

What are Alpha1 receptors involved in

A

Motor control

33
Q

What are Alpha 2 receptors involved in

A

Central regulation of blood pressure

34
Q

What is B1 important for

A

Its a part of the brain important for initiating movements

35
Q

What is the hippocampus involved in

A

Memory and learning

36
Q

What type of receptor is Beta adreno and what does it do

A

A GS coupled receptor and inhibits the production through cyclic AMP

37
Q

What type of receptor is Alpha 2 and what does it do

A

GI coupled receptor and inhibits the production of cyclic AMP

38
Q

What type of receptor is Alpha 1

A

A GQ coupled receptor and increases phospholipase c signalling

39
Q

What is dopamine important for

A

For fine motor control

40
Q

What amino acid is dopamine made from

A

Tyrosine

41
Q

What are the mesocritical and mesolimbic pathways involved with

A

Pleasure and reward, related to motivation

42
Q

What enzyme converts dopa into dopamine

A

DOPA decarboxylase

43
Q

Which two enzymes do dopaenergic neurons express

A

Tyrosine hydroxylase and DOPA decarboxylase

44
Q

What are D1 and D5

A

GS coupled receptors, stimulating adenylate cyclase

45
Q

What are D2, D3 and D4

A

GI coupled receptors, inhibits Adenylyl cyclase

46
Q

What are D2 receptors known to do

A

Activate potassium channels and voltage gated calcium channels

47
Q

What does an inhibition of D2 receptors lead to

A

Increased prolactin secretion

48
Q

Where are D1 receptors widely expressed

A

In the cortex and limbic system

49
Q

What are the therapeutic uses of amphetamine

A

Stimulates wakefulness, effective in treating ADHD

50
Q

What are the positive symptoms of schizophrenia

A

Hallucinations, delusions, defects in ability to focus, aggression

51
Q

What are the negative symptoms of Schizophrenia

A

Blunting of emotion, anhedonia, reluctance to perform every day tasks

52
Q

What are effective treatments for schizophrenia

A

Agonists of D2 receptors

53
Q

Types of Unipolar depression

A

Reactive (75%), and endogenous (25%)

54
Q

What is bipolar disorder

A

Depression that alternates with mania characterised by excessive exurbance etc.

55
Q

Typical symptoms of depression

A

Low mood, apathy, changes in weight/ appetite, low self esteem, lack of concentration, loss of libido

56
Q

Diagnosis for depression

A

Patients experience symptoms for more than 2 weeks and they disrupt normal social and occupational function

57
Q

Risk factors for depression

A

Genetic risks (40%), secondary to illness, stressful life events

58
Q

Parts of the brain that impact depression

A

Amygdala, hippocampus, nucleus succumbence, ghrelin and leptin receptors

59
Q

What can postnatal depression lead to

A

Depressed children, babies brain waves can become altered if mother is depressed

60
Q

What kind of treatment is advised for people with depression

A

Counselling with the combination of antidepressants

61
Q

What are the animal models of depression

A

Acute stress models, chronic (mild) stress models

62
Q

What was the first antidepressant

A

Iproniazid- an MAO inhibitor

63
Q

Which drugs exert their actions by manipulating monoamine neurotransmitters in the brain

A

Tricyclic ADs, Reserpine, Iproniazid

Biology (9 decks)

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