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Biology > Developmental neurobiology > Flashcards

Developmental neurobiology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How do we understand neural circuits

A

We need to understand how the nerves and circuits are assembled in space and time

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2
Q

When does the building of nerves happen

A

In embryogenesis

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3
Q

What are progerartive cells

A

Cells that differentiate into the nerves

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4
Q

When can the early brain and spinal chord be seen

A

4-5 weeks post fertilisation

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5
Q

What are model organisms

A

Vertebrates other than humans in which we can analyse their generation and assembly

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6
Q

What can you see 5 weeks post fertilisation

A

Anterior and posterior axis and dorsal parts of the nervous system

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7
Q

What is cell differentiation

A

The process by which cells become different from each other and acquire specialised properties

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8
Q

What are the extrinsic factors

A

Signals

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9
Q

What are the intrinsic determinants

A

Transcription factors

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10
Q

What are loss of function studies

A

We get rid of each external factor one at a time and we ask is the outcome still the same

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11
Q

What do loss of function and gain of function studies tell us

A

What the function of a cell is

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12
Q

What is gain of function

A

If we add or replace factors and get the same outcome

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13
Q

What is neural induction

A

In early development when some ectodermal multipotent cells change fate and become neural stem like cells

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14
Q

What is the key transcriptional factor active downstream of the BMP signalling pathway

A

Phosphorylated SMAD157

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15
Q

What are the antagonists that mop of up the BMPS

A

Chordin, noggin, follistain and GSC

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16
Q

How can removing a factor generate a new transcriptional response

A

Happens when you remove an inhibitor of an inhibitor

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17
Q

What are the transcription factors that mark the neural stem cells called

A

sox2

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18
Q

What is gastrulation

A

Is the process which transforms the embryo from a one dimensional layer of cells into a multilayered embryo in which the adult body plan is recognisable

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19
Q

What is the process of neuralation linked to

A

Gastrulation

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20
Q

What does the transcriptional signiture tell us

A

What the cell is and at what stage its at

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21
Q

Whats the best way to characterise a cell

A

through their mRNA and protein signatures

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22
Q

Whats an induced pluripotent cell

A

A cell that you take from an adult and put in factors which make it a pluripotent identity

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23
Q

What do organiser cells differentiate into as the neural plate is being induced

A

Prechordal mesoderm and notocord

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24
Q

What do organiser cells transcribe and secrete

A

BMP antagonists

25
Q

What do the prechordal mesoderm cells secrete as well as BMP antagonists

A

Wnt antagonists for example Dikkopf

26
Q

What are posterior parts of the embryo exposed to
What are the anterior parts exposed to
What does this lead to

A

High levels of Wnts
Wnt antagonists
Creates a gradient

27
Q

What does Otx2 mark

A

Marks cells at the anterior end, cells that are going to become the brain

28
Q

What experiments have been done to test that promoting the brain is caused by Wnt antagonists?

A

Experiments on zebra fish embryos and mice

29
Q

What is controlling HOX genes

A

Wnt signals

30
Q

Where were HOX genes first identified

A

Drosophila

31
Q

Why do we study the spinal cord

A

Its simple and long in comparison to the brain

32
Q

What cell forms at the border of the surface epidermis

A

Neural plate border cells

33
Q

What do neural plate border important for

A

Neural crest formation and peripheral system development
Roof plate formation and dorsal neural tube patterning
The closure of the neural tube

34
Q

What do neural plate border cells give rise to

A

neural crest cells

35
Q

What are roof plate cells important for

A

Patterning and regionalisation

36
Q

Whats the first transcription factor that turns neural plate border cells on

A

MXS and its transcriptionally activated at the intermediate levels of MBP signalling

37
Q

What other transcription factors are upregulated in the neural plate border cells

A

c-Myc: governs cell proliferation
id: giving cells
and snail: gene that makes cells go under eptithlial to mesenchymal cell transition

38
Q

What do neural crest cells give rise to

A

Schwann cells, melanocytes, osteoblasts and neurons in the peripheral and enteric nervous system

39
Q

What are the different cell tyoes generated determined by

A

The position of neural crest cells, time of gerneation and migritory pathways

40
Q

Where are motor neurons always born

A

In the ventral part of the spinal cord

41
Q

Morophogen definition

A

A secreted signal made by source cells

42
Q

What are the two models for how a single molecule can convey positional information

A

The french flag model
Reaction diffusion model

43
Q

Whats the generic signal transduction pathway

A

A signal binds to a receptor that activates a signal transduction pathway leading to rapid cellular responses

44
Q

What must a morphogen be able to do

A

To assume at least two different fates

45
Q

What does neurogenesis mean

A

The birth of a neurone

46
Q

What are the 3 different cells proginitors give rise to

A

Neurons, glia and astrocytes

47
Q

Do all proginitors become neurones?

A

No

48
Q

Whats the movement prolifererating proginitors undergo?

A

Interkinetic migration

49
Q

What can happen once a cell has become a radial glia cell

A

It can divide symmetrically or assymetrically

50
Q

What transcription factors directly regulates the expression of delta genes

A

Acheate-scute proteins

51
Q

What are the two classes of migration

A

Tangential and radial

52
Q

What happens if migration goes wrong

A

You get a brain condition known as Lissencephaly

53
Q

What is the cerebellum derived from

A

Roof plate and neural crest cells migrating out from the roof plate of the spinal cord

54
Q

What hypothesis did Weis propose

A

The resonance theory

55
Q

What hypothesis did Sperry propose

A

The chemo affinity theory

56
Q

What did sperrys experiment involve

A

Cutting the optic nerve and removing the temproal retina allowing the nasal axons to grow back

57
Q

Whats the cajal growth cone

A

The growing tip of the axon which cajal proposed sensed cues in the environment

58
Q

What are the two types of actin in the peripheral region

A

Lamella and filopodia

59
Q

What are the 4 factors of axon guidance

A

Contact attraction, contact repulsion, chemoattraction and chemorepulsion

Biology (9 decks)

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