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Chapter 1 of Everything > Sex Biology > Flashcards

Sex Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Adolescence

A

The period of physical and emotional change between puberty and adulthood.

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2
Q

AIDS: Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

A

A set of conditions associated with the last stages of the HIV disease.

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3
Q

Alveoli

A

Sacs inside the breasts that produce milk.

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4
Q

Androgens

A

Certain hormones that stimulate male sexual development and secondary male sex characteristics. Most abundantly produced in the testicles but the ovaries of women produce small amounts of it. Most common Androgen is testosterone.

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5
Q

Anus

A

The opening from the rectum from which solid waste leaves the body.

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6
Q

Areola

A

The dark area surrounding the nipples of women and men.

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7
Q

Balanitis

A

An inflammation of the glans and foreskin of the penis that can be caused by infections, irritations, drugs, or other factors.

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8
Q

Bartholin’s Glands

A

Glands in the labia minora on each side of the opening to the vagina that provide lubrication during sexual excitement.

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9
Q

Bimanual Exam

A

Physical examination of the internal reproductive organs of the pelvis.

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10
Q

Biology

A

The scientific study of life.

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11
Q

Bladder

A

The organ that collects and stores urine produced by the kidney. (It empties through the urethra)

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12
Q

Breasts

A

Two glands on the chests of women. Men also have breast tissue. Breasts are considered sex organs because they are often sexually sensitive and may inspire sexual desire. They produce milk during and after pregnancy.

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13
Q

Bubo

A

A swollen gland and sore caused by chancroid.

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14
Q

Bacterial Vaginosis

A

An inflammation of the vagina (vaginitis), that is caused by a change in balance of vaginal bacteria.

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15
Q

Candida

A

A type of yeast and the most common cause of vaginitis.

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16
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

The area of the brain associated with higher functions, including learning and perception.

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17
Q

Cervix

A

The narrow lower part of the uterus (womb), with an opening connecting the uterus to the vagina.

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18
Q

Chancroid

A

A sexually transmitted bacterium that causes open genital sores.

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19
Q

Chlamydia

A

A common sexually transmitted organism that can cause sterility in women and men.

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20
Q

Climacteric

A

The time of change that leads to menopause. The physiological midlife changes for men and women.

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21
Q

Clinician

A

A qualified health care professional, such as a doctor, nurse practitioner, or physician assistant.

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22
Q

Clitoral Hood

A

A small flap of skin that covers and protects the clitoris.

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23
Q

Clitoris

A

The female sex organ that is very sensitive to the touch-located between the labia at the top of the vulva.

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24
Q

Colposcope

A

A viewing instrument with a bright light and magnifying lens that is used to examine the vagina and cervix.

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25
Q

Conception

A

The moment when the pre-embryo attaches to the lining of the uterus and pregnancy begins. (Also used to describe the fertilization of the egg.)

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26
Q

Corpus Cavernosa

A

Two strips of tissue that lie on each side of the urethra in the penis. During sexual excitement, they fill with blood to create an erection.

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27
Q

Corpus Spongiosum

A

The tissue that surrounds the urethra inside the penis and is responsible, like the corpus cavernosa, for an erection; also, the type of tissue that forms the glans of the clitoris and the penis.

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28
Q

Cowper’s Glands

A

The glands beneath the prostate gland that are attached to the urethra. They produce a substance that makes seminal fluid sticky.

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29
Q

Cremaster Reflex

A

An automatic response to stimulation (like cold temperature) in which the cremaster muscle pulls the scrotum and testes closer to the body.

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30
Q

Cryptochidism

A

The condition in which one or both of the testicles do not descend from the lower abdomen before puberty.

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31
Q

Cystitis

A

An infection of the bladder.

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32
Q

Cytomegalovirus

A

An infection that may be transmitted through sexual or intimate contact that may cause permanent disability, including hearing loss and mental retardation for infants and blindness and mental disorders for adults.

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33
Q

Douche

A

A spray of water or solution of medicine into the vagina.

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34
Q

Ectopic Pregnancy

A

A life-threatening pregnancy that develops outside the uterus often in fallopian tube.

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35
Q

Egg

A

The reproductive cell in a woman; the largest cell in the human body.

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36
Q

Embryo

A

The organism that develops from the pre-embryo and begins to share the woman’s blood supply about nine days after fertilization.

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37
Q

Endometrium

A

The lining of the uterus that develops every month in order to nourish a fertilized egg. The lining is shed during menstruation if there is no fertilization.

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38
Q

Epididymis

A

The tube in which sperm mature. It is tightly coiled on top of and behind each testis.

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39
Q

Epididymitis

A

The inflammation of the epididymis.

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40
Q

Estrogen

A

A hormone commonly made in a woman’s ovaries. Its major effects are seen during puberty, menstruation, and pregnancy.

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41
Q

Estrus

A

The period of fertility and sexual arousal in female animals.

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42
Q

External Sex and Reproductive Organs

A

The sex organs and structures on the outside of the body that are primarily used during sexual activity. These include the vulva of women and the penis and scrotum of men.

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43
Q

Fallopian tubes

A

One of two narrow tubes that carry the egg from the ovary to the uterus.

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44
Q

Feces

A

Solid waste that leaves the body through anus.

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45
Q

Fertilization

A

The Joining of an egg and sperm.

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46
Q

Fetal Alcohol Effects

A

Fetal abnormalities caused by alcohol during pregnancy. May not be as severe as Fetal Alcohol Syndrome.

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47
Q

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

A

Fetal abnormalities affecting growth, the central nervous system, and facial features that are caused by women drinking alcohol during pregnancy.

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48
Q

Fetus

A

The organism that develops from the embryo at the end of about seven weeks of pregnancy and receives nourishment through the placenta.

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49
Q

Foreskin

A

A retracted tube of skin that covers and protects the glans of the penis.

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50
Q

Gamete

A

Reproductive cell (egg or sperm).

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51
Q

Genitals

A

External sex and reproductive organs (penis, scrotum-men) (vulva-women)(Sometimes internal reproductive organs).

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52
Q

Glans

A

The soft highly sensitive tip of the clitoris or penis.

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53
Q

Gonadotropins

A

Hormones secreted by the pituitary gland that trigger puberty by stimulating the gonads.

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54
Q

Gonads

A

The organs that produce reproductive cells (ovaries-women) (testes-men).

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55
Q

Gonorrhea

A

A sexually transmitted bacterium that can cause sterility, arthritis, and heart problems.

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56
Q

Gynecology

A

Sexual and reproductive care for women.

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57
Q

Gynecomastia

A

A usually temporary condition during puberty in which the breasts of boys become larger.

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58
Q

Hepatitis B Virus

A

An infection that can be sexually transmitted and may cause severe liver disease and death.

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59
Q

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

A

An infection that weakens the body’s ability to fight disease and can cause AIDS.

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60
Q

Hormones

A

Chemicals that guide the changes in our bodies and influence how glands and organs work.

61
Q

Human Papilloma Virus

A

Any of 90 different types of infection, some of which may cause genital warts, others may cause cancer of the cervix, vulva, or penis.

62
Q

Herpes Simplex Virus

A

An infection that can be sexually transmitted and cause a recurring rash with clusters of blistery sores on the vagina, cervix, penis, mouth, anus, buttock, or elsewhere on the body.

63
Q

Hymen

A

A thin fleshy tissue that stretched across part of the opening to the vagina.

64
Q

Hypothalamus

A

A small area in the brain that regulates basic animal functions.

65
Q

Implantation

A

The attachment of the pre-embryo to the lining of the uterus.

66
Q

Internal Sex and Reproductive Organs

A

The organs inside the body that are responsible for producing, moving, and nourishing human reproductive cells. Also, called sex organs since they may respond to sexual stimulation.

67
Q

Introitus

A

The tissue of the inner vulva that framed the opening to the vagina.

68
Q

Jock Itch

A

A very common fungal skin infection in the genital area of men that is caused by wearing tight clothing, sweating, or not drying the genitals carefully after bathing. It can cause a reddish, scaly rash that can become inflamed, very itchy, and painful.

69
Q

Labia Majora

A

The larger, outer lips of the vulva.

70
Q

Labia Minora

A

The smaller, inner lips of the vulva.

71
Q

Lactobacilli

A

Bacteria present in healthy vaginas of women. They help relieve vaginitis by limiting growth of candida, a yeast.

72
Q

Leukorrhea

A

A white, sticky vagina discharge that is normal during adolescence.

73
Q

Levonorgestrel

A

A synthetic progestin similar to the hormone progesterone, which is produced by the body to regulate the menstrual cycle.

74
Q

Lobes

A

Groups of alveoli sacs in women’s breasts.

75
Q

Mammogram

A

X-ray photographs of the breasts that can detect cancerous tumors before they can be felt.

76
Q

Menarche

A

Time of a girl’s first menstruation.

77
Q

Menopause

A

When menstruation stops; usually around ages 45-55.

78
Q

Menstrual Cycle

A

The time from the first day of one period to the day of the next period.

79
Q

Menstrual Flow

A

Blood, fluid, and tissue that are passed out of the uterus during the beginning of the menstrual cycle.

80
Q

Menstruation

A

The flow of blood, fluid, and tissue out of the uterus and through the vagina that usually lasts from 3-5 days.

81
Q

Milk Ducts

A

The passages in women’s breasts through which milk flows from the alveoli to the nipple.

82
Q

Molluscum Contagiosum

A

A virus that can be sexually transmitted, causing small, pinkish-white, waxy, round, polyp like growths in the genital area or on the thighs.

83
Q

Nipple

A

The dark tissue in the center of the areola of each breast in women and men that can stand erect when stimulated by touch or cold. Female breasts produce milk.

84
Q

Ovaries

A

The two organs that store eggs in a woman’s body, ovaries also produce hormones, including estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone.

85
Q

Ovulation

A

The time when an ovary releases an egg.

86
Q

Pap Test

A

A procedure used to examine the cells of the cervix in order to detect infection and hormonal conditions. It can also detect precancerous and cancerous cells.

87
Q

Pelvic Exam

A

Physical examination of the vulva, vagina, cervix, uterus, and ovaries-usually includes taking cervical cells for a pap test and a manual exam of the internal pelvic organs.

88
Q

Pelvic Girdle

A

A bony and muscular structure inside a woman’s body that supports her internal sex and reproductive organs.

89
Q

Penis

A

A man’s reproductive and sex organs that is formed of spongy tissue and fills with blood during sexual excitement. Urine, and seminal fluid pass through the penis.

90
Q

Perimenopause

A

Period of change leading to menopause.

91
Q

Period

A

Days during menstruation.

92
Q

Peyronie’s Disease

A

Rare condition caused by fibrous growths inside the penis.

93
Q

Pheromones

A

Odors given off by animals that attract the other gender.

94
Q

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

A

An infection of a woman’s internal reproductive system that can lead to sterility, ectopic pregnancy, and chronic pain. Often caused by UTIs like gonorrhea and chlamydia.

95
Q

Pre-Ejaculate

A

The liquid that oozes out of the penis during sexual excitement before ejaculations produced by cowper’s glands.

96
Q

Pre-Embryo

A

The ball of cells that develops from the fertilized egg until after about nine days, when it attached to the lining of the uterus and the embryo is formed.

97
Q

Priapism

A

A continuous partial erection without sexual stimulation that is caused by dysfunctional blood flow into the corpus cavernosa.

98
Q

Primary Sex Characteristics

A

The body organs and reproductive structures and functions that differ between women and men. The differences include the external and internal sex and reproductive organs. (A woman’s ability to produce eggs and men’s ability to produce sperm).

99
Q

Progesterone

A

A hormone produced in the ovaries of women that is important in puberty, menstruation, and pregnancy.

100
Q

Progestin

A

A synthetic progesterone.

101
Q

Prophylactic

A

A device used to prevent infection or diseases.

102
Q

Prostate

A

An internal reproductive organ below the bladder that produces a fluid that helps sperm move.

103
Q

Prostatitist

A

An enlargement and inflammation of the prostate gland that results in a dull persistent pain in the lower back, testes, scrotum, and glans of the penis. There may also be a thin mucus discharge from the glans of the penis, especially in the morning.

104
Q

Puberty

A

When girl and boys are becoming men & women. (Women grow breasts/menstruation) (Boys grow facial hair/ejaculation).

105
Q

Public Hair

A

Hair that grows in the genital area of women and men.

106
Q

Pubic Lice

A

Tiny insects that can be sexually transmitted. They live in pubic hair and can cause itching in the genitals or anus.

107
Q

Rectovaginal Exam

A

Physical examination of the reproductive organs and the tissues that separate the vagina and rectum.

108
Q

Rectum

A

The lowest end of the intestine before the anus, where solid waste is stored.

109
Q

Refractory Period

A

The time after ejaculation during which a man is not able to have an erection.

110
Q

Reproductive Cell

A

The unique cell (women eggs) (men sperm) that can join with its opposite to make reproduction possible.

111
Q

Rut

A

The period of sexual arousal in male animals that is a response to estrus.

112
Q

Sanitary Pad

A

An absorbent “napkin” made of cotton or similar fibers that is worn against the vulva to absorb menstrual flow.

113
Q

Scabies

A

Tiny Mites that can be sexually transmitted. They burrow under the skin, causing intense itching-usually at night-and small bumps or rashes that appear in dirty-looking, small curing lines, especially on the penis, between the fingers, on the buttocks, breasts, wrists, and thighs, around the navel.

114
Q

Scrotum

A

A sac of skin, divided into two parts, enclosing the testes, epididymites, and a part of the vasa deferentia.

115
Q

Secondary Sex Characteristics

A

Characteristics of the body that are caused by hormones, develop during puberty, and last through adult life. (Women-breasts, widened hips) (Men-facial hair) (Both-pubic hair/underarm hair)

116
Q

Semen

A

Fluid containing sperm that is ejaculated during sexual excitement. Semen composed of seminal fluid from the seminal vesicles, fluid from the prostate, and fluid from the Cowper’s glands.

117
Q

Seminal Fluid

A

One of two small organs located beneath the bladder that produce seminal fluid.

118
Q

Seminal Vesicle

A

One of two small organs located beneath the bladder that produce seminal fluid.

119
Q

Seminiferous Tubules

A

A network of tiny tubules in the testes that constantly produce sperm. The also produce androgens, the “male” sex hormones.

120
Q

Sex Cell

A

Reproductive cell

121
Q

Sexually Transmitted Infection

A

Infection that are often or usually passed from one person to another during sexual or intimate contact.

122
Q

Shaft

A

A part of the penis and clitoris

123
Q

Smegma

A

A sticky, white, unpleasant smelling substance produced at the glans of the penis. It is formed by bacteria and body oils.

124
Q

Somatotropin

A

The human growth hormone secreted by the pituitary gland.

125
Q

Speculum

A

A plastic or metal instrument used to separate the walls of the vagina so the clinician can examine the vagina and cervix.

126
Q

Speculum Exam

A

Physical examination of the walls of the vagina and cervix that is accomplished by using a speculum.

127
Q

Sperm

A

The reproductive cells in men, produced in the seminiferous tubules of the testes.

128
Q

Spermarche

A

The time when sperm is first produced by the testes of a boy.

129
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

The process of producing sperm, happens in the seminiferous tubules of the testes.

130
Q

Spirochetes

A

Organism that causes syphilis.

131
Q

Sexually Transmitted Disease

A

A sexually transmitted infection that has developed symptoms.

132
Q

Syphilis

A

A sexually transmitted organism that can lead to disfigurement, neurological disorder, and death.

133
Q

Tampon

A

A firm roll of absorbent cotton or other fiber that is worn inside the vagina to absorb menstrual flow.

134
Q

Testes

A

Two ball like glands inside the scrotum that produce sperm.

135
Q

Testicle

A

The testes

136
Q

Testosterone

A

An androgen that is produced in the testes of men and in smaller amounts in ovaries

137
Q

Thelarche

A

Time when a girl’s breasts begin to develop

138
Q

Toxic Shock Syndrome

A

A rare but very dangerous overgrowth of bacteria in the vagina. Symptoms include vomiting, high fever, diarrhea, and a sunburn type rash.

139
Q

Ureters

A

The two tubes that lead from the kidneys to the bladder.

140
Q

Urethra

A

The tube and opening from which women and men urinate.

141
Q

Uterus

A

The pear shaped, muscular reproductive organ from which women menstruate and where normal pregnancy develops.

142
Q

UTI

A

A bacterial infection of the bladder, the ureters, or the urethra

143
Q

Vagina

A

Stretchable passage that connects a woman’s outer sex organ, the vulva, with the cervix and uterus.

144
Q

Vaginitis

A

An inflammation of the vagina that is caused by a change in the normal balance of vaginal bacteria

145
Q

Varicocele

A

An enlargement of the spermatic vein, which supplies blood to the testis. It can reduce blood flow and increase the temperature of the testicle, thereby causing infertility.

146
Q

Vas Deferens

A

A long, narrow tube that carries sperm from each epididymis to the seminal vesicles.

147
Q

Vereologist

A

One who studies sexually transmitted infections.

148
Q

Vulva

A

A woman’s external sex organs, including the clitoris, the labia (Majora&Minora), the opening to the vagina (introitus), and two Bartholin glands.

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