SEX Flashcards
What codes for Anti-mullerian hormone?
SRY gene just outside the pseudoautosomal region of the short arm of the Y chromosome
The Mullerian duct is also called the _____ duct and will become
Paramesonephric duct
Fallopian tubes and the body of the uterus
The Wolffian duct is also called the ____ duct and will become
Mesonephric duct
Epididymous, vas deferens, and the prostatic urethra
What happens in the absence of anti-mullerian hormone?
The wolffian duct will degenerate and you will develop as a female
What does testosterone determine?
It determines what sex you look like, but not what sex you ARE
Maturation of sperm occurs here
Epididymous and vas deferens
Where are mature sperm located?
The ampulla of the vas deferens
These glands create most of the volume of seminal fluid
Seminal vesicles
Prostate
Bulbourethral (Cowper’s) glands
Sperm does not travel through these glands, they just add fluid to the semen along their mystical journey.
Cells of the testicles
1) Leydig Cells- interstitial cells between the tubules that produce testosterone! Fat blobs in these cells for steroid (testosterone) production. LH will act on Leydig cells to create testosterone.
2) Sertoli cells- FSH activates these cells to provide nutrients and growth factors for developing sperm cells
3) Spermatogonia- STEM CELLS of sperm
These are two immune privileged sites
Testes and ovaries, because these organs don’t mature until puberty
How are the testes immune privileged?
A blood-teste barried formed by the tight junction of sertoli cells
Why does exogenous testosterone cause testicular atrophy?
Testosterone acts on the hypothalamus to decrease GnRH release. This decreases LH and FSH, decreases stimulation of the leydig and sertoli cells, causing atrophy of these cells, and thus the testicles.
How can you prevent testicular atrophy if taking exogenous testosterone?
Take hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin). This has a similar structure to LH, and will bind to leydig cells, stimulating them, and increasing testosterone production.
What do sertoli cells need in order to support sperm production.
FSH AND testosterone
What are two male friends also known as?
Besties with testes
Does BPH predispose you to cancer?
Nope! It’s just super annoying.
When could BPH become an emergency?
If urine flow is halted all together. Urine could back up and cause pyelonephritis.
Why is prostate cancer often detected late?
It starts to grow on the periphery of the prostate, making urine obstruction a late symptom. Plus, prostate CA is a slow growing CA.
Does an elevated PSA mean you have prostate cancer?
Not necesarily. PSA will increase in both prostate CA and BPH. However, a large rapid elevation could indicate prostate CA
BPH usually starts in this zone, while prostate CA will start in this zone
BPH- central zone of prostate
Prostate CA- peripheral zone
This type of herpes causes cold sores
HSV 1
HSV2 is also known as
HHV 2
Sites of prostate CA mets
BONE
Also liver and lungs (like a lot of other cancers)
These STDs cause ulcerations on your pee pee
Herpes
Syphilis
Chancroid
Top to bottom increasing in depth and width of the ulcers :D
Syphilis is caused by this bacteria
Treponema pallidum (spirochete bacteria that causes small, painless ulcerations)
How many total strains of HSV exist that infect humans?
8
When do people get flare-ups of genital herpes?
When the person is immunocompromised (in stress or illness).
HSV lives in neurons. When it escapes, our immune system is able to destroy it. But if immunocompromised, it escapes, and we can’t destroy it. It causes painful, superficial vesicles on the genitals.
Chancroid is caused by this bacteria
H. ducreyi. I do declare, this is an ugly lesion on your penis!
Causes wide, deep, and painful ulcerations.
This is the second leading cause of infertility in women
Chlamydia
This is the first leading cause of infertility in women
PCOS