Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Patho > Immunity > Flashcards

Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Example of endotoxin

A

LPS (lipopolysaccharide)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Example of exotoxin

A

botulinum toxin and tetanus toxin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Bacteria that can create spores

A

Clostridium and bacillus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Obligate intracellular bacteria

A

Chlamydia and Rickettsiae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Optional intracellular bacteria

A

Mycobacterium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Over ____% of cells in our body are bacterial cells

A

90%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Most common nosocomial disease is

A

staph aureus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Two most common bacteria in our gut

A

Bacteroides and escherichia (both gram negative)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Are there any extracellular viruses?

A

No.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

A virus will bind to _____

A

A specific cell surface protein (will be species and cell type specific)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

About _____% of our genome is made of viral DNA

A

5%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the two types of fungi?

A

Mold and yeast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Ringworm is a type of

A

Mold

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What type of infx does aspergillus usually cause?

A

Respiratory infection. Tends to be very aggressive.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is tinea?

A

General term for skin fungus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Examples of mononuclear phagocytes

A

Monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Examples of macrophages

A

Kupffer cells, dust cells, microglia, osteoclast (not immune cells, but are aggregates of macrophages), and multinuclear giant cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Example of a dendritic cell

A

Langerhans cell (found in skin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Examples of lymphocytes

A

B, T, and NK cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Cells that can form memory cells

A

B and T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

These cells occur primarily in tissue rather than blood

A

Macrophages, dendritic cells, and mast cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Innate humoral immune cells

A

Myeloid cells (macrophages and neutrophils)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Innate intracellular immune cells

A

NK cells (often looking for signs of viral infection)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Adaptive humoral immune cells

A

Antibodies, Th cells, and APCs (antigen presenting cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Adaptive cell-mediated cells

A

Tc Cells (more specific against viruses)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Signaling molecules of the immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Function of macrophages and neutrophils

A

Both are involved in phagocytosis and activation of bactericidal mechanisms. Macrophages also present antigens

28
Q

Microvascular changes with inflammation

A

Vasodilation, increased permeability with fluid leakage, and WBC adherence and migration through BVs to the site of injury

These cause the hallmarks of redness, warmth, and swelling that comes with inflammation

29
Q

Fluid and debris from an inflamed site are drained by

A

lymphatic vessels

30
Q

Examples of granulocytes

A

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and mast cells.

31
Q

What is the primary phagocyte in the blood?

A

Neutrophil

32
Q

What is opsonization?

A

Binding of antibody to an antigen to mark it for phagocytosis

33
Q

This cell-type is responsible for the activation of the adaptive immune response

A

Macrophages

34
Q

What is the main function of NK cells?

A

Recognition and elimination of cells infected with viruses

35
Q

What are the stages of inflammation?

A

1) Initial response (vessel leakage and endothelial adherence molecules)
2) Recruitment of cells (recruit neutrophils and make more of them in the BM)
3) Removal of debris
4) Promoting repair and regeneration (by inducing fibroblast growth and collagen production)

36
Q

Abscesses and chronic inflammation will lead to

A

Fibrosis

37
Q

Secondary lymphoid tissues

A

Lymph nodes, spleen, Peyer’s patches, tonsils, adenoids, MALT, GALT, and BALT

38
Q

Primary lymphoid tissues

A

Thymus and bone marrow

39
Q

Can one protein have multiple epitope?

A

Yes

40
Q

What is the antigenic determinant?

A

The part of the antigen that binds to the binding domain of the antibody. This is just another word for an epitope. They are the exact same thing.

41
Q

Can a virus infect a cell if it is attached to an antibody?

A

No.

42
Q

Antibodies will bind to

A

Viruses, bacteria, and toxins

43
Q

What is another term for an epitope?

A

Antigenic determinant

44
Q

States of viral infection

A

1) Binding
2) Penetration
3) Uncoating
4) Replication
5) Budding out of the cell

45
Q

Example of a mold

A

Ringworm

46
Q

Three most common fungi in medicine

A

Aspergillus, candida, and tinea (general skin fungus)

47
Q

What happens when a mast cell is activated?

A

1) Release of granules (histamine, NCH, and ECF)

2) Synthesis (prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and PAF)

48
Q

How mast cells synthesize things

A

Activation of mast cell causes activation of phospholipase A2. This cleaves parts of the plasma membrane to make arachidonic acid and platelet activating factor (PAF). Arachidonic acid is then split into cyclooxygenase (which makes prostaglandins) and 5-lipoxygenase (which makes leukotrienes).

49
Q

What is PAMP?

A

Pathogen associated molecular pattern

50
Q

Stages of inflammation

A

1) Initiate response (Vessel leakage and adherence molecules)
2) Recruitment of cells (more cells come and BM is stimulated to make more leukocytes)
3) Removal of debris
4) Repair and regeneration (Fibroblast growth and collagen production)

51
Q

NK are part of the (adaptive/innate) immune system

A

Innate

52
Q

What cells look for the feet of antibodies?

A

Macrophages

53
Q

B Cell Development

A

Lymphoid stemm cell > pro-B cell > pre-B cell > Immature B cell > mature B cell > Immunocompetent (but naiive) B cell

54
Q

A fetus has this type of immune system only

A

Innate

Maternal IgG will cross the placena to help the fetus.

55
Q

The mother secretes these antibodies into breast milk

A

IgG and IgA

56
Q

Th1 cells will bind to

A

MHC II on macrophages

57
Q

Th2 cells will bind to

A

MHC II on B-cells

58
Q

Who are the professional APCs?

A

Macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells

59
Q

What and where are the immune privileged sites?

A

Places where T cells are not allowed to go, including:

1) Eyes
2) Brain/neurons
3) Testes/ovaries
4) Placenta / fetus

60
Q

Example of a superantigen

A

TSST (Toxic shock syndrome toxin)

61
Q

Type I Hypersensitivity

A

IgE Mediated, usually from an environmental antigen
Allergic rhinitis
Anaphylaxis
Asthma
For the above, remember that it’s going to cause widespread histamine release and edema to cause those symptoms
Remember, that because it is IgE mediated, it involves mast cells, eosinophils, and all that shit.

62
Q

Type II Hypersensitivity

A

IgG mediated
Antibodies produced to foreign antigen wind up binding to your own cell surfaces. This is how autoimmune reactions happen.

63
Q

Type III Hypersensitivity

A

IgG mediated
We have an excess of antigen in the blood. We don’t want this debris floating around because it will get caught in the glomeruli and cause renal damage. Lots of antibodies respond, forming large blobs of antigen-antibody complexes. These complexes deposit on BV walls. Now, cells coming to engulf the complexes wind up damaging the BVs in the process and cause an inflammatory response. Happens in lupus, necrotizing vasculitis, and serum sickness.

64
Q

Examples of Type I

A

Allergic rhinitis
Anaphylaxis
Asthma

65
Q

Examples of type II

A 
Hemolysis from penicillin
MG
Grave's
Transfusion reaction
Hemolytic disease of the newborn
Hyperacute graft rejection
66
Q

Examples of type III

A

Wheat gluten
Lupus
Necrotizing vasculitis
Serum sickness

67
Q

Examples of type IV

A

Poison ivy
Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis
Type I DM
Transplant rejection

Patho (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions