Immunity Flashcards
Example of endotoxin
LPS (lipopolysaccharide)
Example of exotoxin
botulinum toxin and tetanus toxin
Bacteria that can create spores
Clostridium and bacillus
Obligate intracellular bacteria
Chlamydia and Rickettsiae
Optional intracellular bacteria
Mycobacterium
Over ____% of cells in our body are bacterial cells
90%
Most common nosocomial disease is
staph aureus
Two most common bacteria in our gut
Bacteroides and escherichia (both gram negative)
Are there any extracellular viruses?
No.
A virus will bind to _____
A specific cell surface protein (will be species and cell type specific)
About _____% of our genome is made of viral DNA
5%
What are the two types of fungi?
Mold and yeast
Ringworm is a type of
Mold
What type of infx does aspergillus usually cause?
Respiratory infection. Tends to be very aggressive.
What is tinea?
General term for skin fungus
Examples of mononuclear phagocytes
Monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells
Examples of macrophages
Kupffer cells, dust cells, microglia, osteoclast (not immune cells, but are aggregates of macrophages), and multinuclear giant cells
Example of a dendritic cell
Langerhans cell (found in skin)
Examples of lymphocytes
B, T, and NK cells
Cells that can form memory cells
B and T cells
These cells occur primarily in tissue rather than blood
Macrophages, dendritic cells, and mast cells
Innate humoral immune cells
Myeloid cells (macrophages and neutrophils)
Innate intracellular immune cells
NK cells (often looking for signs of viral infection)
Adaptive humoral immune cells
Antibodies, Th cells, and APCs (antigen presenting cells)
Adaptive cell-mediated cells
Tc Cells (more specific against viruses)
What are cytokines?
Signaling molecules of the immune system
Function of macrophages and neutrophils
Both are involved in phagocytosis and activation of bactericidal mechanisms. Macrophages also present antigens
Microvascular changes with inflammation
Vasodilation, increased permeability with fluid leakage, and WBC adherence and migration through BVs to the site of injury
These cause the hallmarks of redness, warmth, and swelling that comes with inflammation
Fluid and debris from an inflamed site are drained by
lymphatic vessels
Examples of granulocytes
Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and mast cells.
What is the primary phagocyte in the blood?
Neutrophil
What is opsonization?
Binding of antibody to an antigen to mark it for phagocytosis
This cell-type is responsible for the activation of the adaptive immune response
Macrophages
What is the main function of NK cells?
Recognition and elimination of cells infected with viruses
What are the stages of inflammation?
1) Initial response (vessel leakage and endothelial adherence molecules)
2) Recruitment of cells (recruit neutrophils and make more of them in the BM)
3) Removal of debris
4) Promoting repair and regeneration (by inducing fibroblast growth and collagen production)
Abscesses and chronic inflammation will lead to
Fibrosis
Secondary lymphoid tissues
Lymph nodes, spleen, Peyer’s patches, tonsils, adenoids, MALT, GALT, and BALT
Primary lymphoid tissues
Thymus and bone marrow
Can one protein have multiple epitope?
Yes
What is the antigenic determinant?
The part of the antigen that binds to the binding domain of the antibody. This is just another word for an epitope. They are the exact same thing.
Can a virus infect a cell if it is attached to an antibody?
No.
Antibodies will bind to
Viruses, bacteria, and toxins
What is another term for an epitope?
Antigenic determinant
States of viral infection
1) Binding
2) Penetration
3) Uncoating
4) Replication
5) Budding out of the cell
Example of a mold
Ringworm
Three most common fungi in medicine
Aspergillus, candida, and tinea (general skin fungus)
What happens when a mast cell is activated?
1) Release of granules (histamine, NCH, and ECF)
2) Synthesis (prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and PAF)
How mast cells synthesize things
Activation of mast cell causes activation of phospholipase A2. This cleaves parts of the plasma membrane to make arachidonic acid and platelet activating factor (PAF). Arachidonic acid is then split into cyclooxygenase (which makes prostaglandins) and 5-lipoxygenase (which makes leukotrienes).
What is PAMP?
Pathogen associated molecular pattern
Stages of inflammation
1) Initiate response (Vessel leakage and adherence molecules)
2) Recruitment of cells (more cells come and BM is stimulated to make more leukocytes)
3) Removal of debris
4) Repair and regeneration (Fibroblast growth and collagen production)
NK are part of the (adaptive/innate) immune system
Innate
What cells look for the feet of antibodies?
Macrophages
B Cell Development
Lymphoid stemm cell > pro-B cell > pre-B cell > Immature B cell > mature B cell > Immunocompetent (but naiive) B cell
A fetus has this type of immune system only
Innate
Maternal IgG will cross the placena to help the fetus.
The mother secretes these antibodies into breast milk
IgG and IgA
Th1 cells will bind to
MHC II on macrophages
Th2 cells will bind to
MHC II on B-cells
Who are the professional APCs?
Macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells
What and where are the immune privileged sites?
Places where T cells are not allowed to go, including:
1) Eyes
2) Brain/neurons
3) Testes/ovaries
4) Placenta / fetus
Example of a superantigen
TSST (Toxic shock syndrome toxin)
Type I Hypersensitivity
IgE Mediated, usually from an environmental antigen
Allergic rhinitis
Anaphylaxis
Asthma
For the above, remember that it’s going to cause widespread histamine release and edema to cause those symptoms
Remember, that because it is IgE mediated, it involves mast cells, eosinophils, and all that shit.
Type II Hypersensitivity
IgG mediated
Antibodies produced to foreign antigen wind up binding to your own cell surfaces. This is how autoimmune reactions happen.
Type III Hypersensitivity
IgG mediated
We have an excess of antigen in the blood. We don’t want this debris floating around because it will get caught in the glomeruli and cause renal damage. Lots of antibodies respond, forming large blobs of antigen-antibody complexes. These complexes deposit on BV walls. Now, cells coming to engulf the complexes wind up damaging the BVs in the process and cause an inflammatory response. Happens in lupus, necrotizing vasculitis, and serum sickness.
Examples of Type I
Allergic rhinitis
Anaphylaxis
Asthma
Examples of type II
Hemolysis from penicillin MG Grave's Transfusion reaction Hemolytic disease of the newborn Hyperacute graft rejection
Examples of type III
Wheat gluten
Lupus
Necrotizing vasculitis
Serum sickness
Examples of type IV
Poison ivy
Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis
Type I DM
Transplant rejection
