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Settlements Flashcards

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1
Q

What does settlement refer to?

A

A place where a group of people live together

Also, refers to the process of settling somewhere

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2
Q

Name a famous Greek town planner in the 1960s

A

Doxiadis

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3
Q

What did Doxiadis define settlement as?

A

A grouping of people, activities, building structures and communication networks that function as a single, integrated system on a regular daily basis

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4
Q

What does site refer to?

A

The exact piece of land occupied by a settlement and the physical characteristics of that piece of land

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5
Q

What is the factor that initially determined the place where the settlement developed?

A

Site

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6
Q

What are some of the factors that people will consider when choosing a site for settlement?

A

Soil fertility

Water availability

Grazing ability

Flat gradient

N-facing slope in SH

Road nearby

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7
Q

What does situation refer to?

A

The relationship between the settlement, its surrounding area, the nearest road or railway and the general relief of the area

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8
Q

Are rural settlements unifunctional?

A

Yes

This means they have only one function

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9
Q

What is the only function of a rural settlement?

A

A primary economic activity

  • Farming
  • Fishing
  • Forestry
  • Mining

An exception could be ecotourism where tertiary economic activities are taking place

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10
Q

Are urban settlements unifunctional?

A

No. They are multifunctional

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11
Q

What type of economic activities are the functions of an urban area concerned with?

A
  1. Secondary economic activities
  2. Tertiary economic activities

Process raw materials supplied by rural areas and perform services needed by rural areas

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12
Q

How are many multifunctional, more complex, urban settlements often developed?

A

By a settlement initially being established for mining or fishing and have since become larger

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13
Q

What categories of functions can you get in a settlement?

A

Low-order functions

High-order functions

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14
Q

Can a large settlement have low-order functions?

A

Yes. It has varied high-order and low-order functions

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15
Q

Name, in increasing size, the types of rural settlements

A
  1. Isolated farm
  2. Rural hamlet
  3. Village
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16
Q

Name, in increasing size, the types of urban settlements

A
  1. Town
  2. City
  3. Metropolis
  4. Conurbation
  5. Megalopolis
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17
Q

What type of patterns of settlement are there?

A

Dispersed (isolated)

Nucleated (clustered)

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18
Q

What type of settlement pattern do all urban settlements have?

A

Nucleated (clustered)

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19
Q

Where could a nucleated (clustered) settlement pattern be found in a rural settlement?

A

Where intensive farming is practised

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20
Q

What is intensive farming?

A

When there is a large deal of input in terms of fertilisers and technology and there are high yields per unit area

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21
Q

What categories does settlement size and complexity include?

A

Isolated farm

Rural hamlet

Village

Town

City

Metropolis

Conurbation

Megalopolis

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22
Q

What is the only category of settlement complexity which has a dispersed (isolated) settlement pattern?

A

Isolated farm

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23
Q

What are some factors that affect the location of a rural settlement?

A

water

relief

soil and rock type

climate

available resources and transport

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24
Q

What is a wet point site?

A

Where water is scarce and people have settled close to where there is a water source, for example an oasis in a desert

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25
Q

What is a dry point site?

A

An area that experiences frequent floods or in a marshy area where people choose a site that is away from water

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26
Q

What type of relief is found in the area where people tend to settle?

A

Flat land

Usually next to a river crossing

Land sheltered by a mountain

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27
Q

Where are many rural settlements found in terms of being near fertile soil?

A

On a fertile alluvial floodplain

This is because crops need nutrients and water

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28
Q

Why do people in the SH favour N-facing slopes?

A

They recieive sun

Away from frost-prone valley floor

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29
Q

Give some examples of resources that can determine the location of rural settlements

A

minerals

fertile soil

fishing

forestry

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30
Q

A dispersed (isolated) farming pattern usually develops where:

A

There are many water sources, so farms can spread out

Land is flat and can accommodate a large farm

Land is mountainous but there are scattered patches of flat land - a farm is found on each piece of flat land

Land is infertile - a large farm is needed in order to ensure a large yield

Safety is not an issue - people are able to live on large farms far away from one another

It is the tradition of the people - the Nguni people in South Africa live in dispersed family groups

The type of farming consists of large commercial farms (extensive farming)

Land is privately owned - private land ownership encourages dispersed settlement

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31
Q

What conditions usually cause for a nucleated farming pattern?

A

Water is scarce and people settle around an available water source (wet point site)

Land is marshy and people settle away from water (dry point site)

Land is flat and there may be many farms on a flat piece of land

Land is mountainous and people cluseter together on small farms where there is available flat land

Land is fertile and can suppport many farms

Safety is an issue - people will cluster together in areas where there is conflict

It is the tradition - a Tswana village usually consists of thousands of huts and kraals, usually around a water source

The type of farming is characterised by small subsistence farms, as these farms often cluster together.

Small intensive farms (e.g. horticulture) may also be nucleated as inputs are very costly and farmers can only afford a small piece of land (which is usually close to an urban area)

There is communal land ownership - people live together on the land if it is commually owned

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32
Q

What are some advantages of a dispersed (isolated) settlement pattern?

A

Farmers make their own decisions

They can introduce mechanisation and soil-conservation mehtods.

They are able to work hard and make a profit

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33
Q

What are some disadvantages of a dispersed (isolated) settlement pattern?

A

There is a lack of social contact

Farmers cannot rely on a community for help

It requires a great deal of capital to keep the farm running

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34
Q

What are some advantages of a nucleated (clustered) settlement pattern?

A

Help is available in time of ill health and war

Farmers need less capital as they are able to share implements

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35
Q

What are some disadvantages of a nucleated (clustered) settlement pattern?

A

All the farmers have to agree on farming methods

Properties are often fragmented or too small to use mechanisation

If soil erosion sets in, everyone is affected as dongas will extend across the farm boundaries

There is less scope for initiative individual farmers

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36
Q

What are the four basic shapes of settlement?

A

Round

Linear

T-shaped

Cross-road

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37
Q

How do round shaped settlements develop?

A

They develop around a central area (such as a church or lake)

OR

Have developed on a central high-lying area.

  • Fields radiate outwards from the central area.
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38
Q

How do linear shaped settlements develop?

A

Linear settlements develop along a road or river

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39
Q

How do T-shaped settlements develop?

A

T-shaped settelments develop at a T-junction of roads

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40
Q

How does a cross-road shaped settlement develop?

A

Cross-road settlements develop where roads intersect

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41
Q

What could be an example of a round settlement?

A

A traditional Nguni settlement in KZN

The huts are arranged in a circle around the cattle kraal, which is in the centre

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42
Q

Do rural settlements always have a specific shape?

A

No. Many rural settlements do not have a specific shape.

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43
Q

Where is a farmstead usually located?

A

In the centre of the farm

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44
Q

Where is a farmhouse usually located?

A

Close to a river

On an infertile piece of ground to allow the best land to be put under vineyards

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45
Q

What is the main land use in rural settlements?

A

Agricultural (i.e. farming)

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46
Q

Name the different types of farming (in terms of produce)

A

Arable farming (cultivating the soil to grow crops)

Pastoral farming (rearing livestock)

Mixed farming (combining crop farming and rearing livestock)

Orchards and vineyards (growing fruit trees and grapes)

Plantation farming (growing trees)

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47
Q

What two categories can farming be divided into?

A

Subsistence farming

Commercial farming (cash crops)

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48
Q

What is a monoculture?

A

When farmers grow only one crop

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49
Q

Describe extensive farming

A

Large commercial farms with less input (capital and labour) in relation to area of land and low yields per unit area.

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50
Q

What are some examples of extensive farming?

A

Maize

Cattle

Sheep

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51
Q

Describe intensive farming

A

small farms with high input (capital and labour) in relation to area of land and high yields per unit area

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52
Q

What is ONE example of intensive farming?

A

Horticulture (a flower farm)

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53
Q

Where are areas in South Africa that have a great deal of ecotourism?

A

North West Province

Limpopo Province

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54
Q

Where are trout farms often found in South Africa?

A

In Mpumalanga

In the Midlands of KZN

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55
Q

Define rural-urban migration

A

The movement of people from the rural to the urban areas

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56
Q

What are push factors?

A

those factors that cause people to move away from the rural areas

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57
Q

What are pull factors?

A

Those factors that attract people to the urban areas

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58
Q

Define consolidation

A

Combining of smaller farms to become one large farm

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59
Q

What are some examples of push factors?

A
  • Mechanisation and consolidation of farms, resulting in fewer jobs
  • Droughts
  • Soil erosion
  • Too many people to support on a small farm
  • HIV / AIDS
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60
Q

What are some examples of pull factors?

A
  • More varied employment opportunities in cities
  • Better facilities (schools, hospitals)
  • Regular income
  • A lifestyle associated with entertainment
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61
Q

What has accelerated since the ending of Apartheid?

A

Rural-urban migration

Pass laws were lifed and homelands were removed.

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62
Q

Describe the process of the impact of rural urban migration on country towns?

A
  1. Farmers and labourers leave farms
  2. Country towns have fewer customers
  3. Businesses in towns close
  4. People (mostly young) leave
  5. Fewer services are needed in towns
  6. Country towns decline with ageing populations
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63
Q

What are some of the consequences of rural-urban migration on rural areas?

A

Farms are neglected or abandoned

Villages and small country towns decline economically and become “ghost towns”

Fewer jobs are available in rural areas

Population is ageing

Productivity of farms declines (leading to lesser yields)

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64
Q

What are some of the consequences of rural-urban migration on urban areas?

A

A shortage of emplyment opportunities in the cities

Insufficient housing (homelessness, informal settlements and overcrowding)

Infrastructure of cities cannot cope with the increased population

With no income available, many people who have migrated turn to crime

Land pollution near informal settlements increases (lack of available rubbish dumps)

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65
Q

Define new ruralism

A

The trend where people who are tired of congestion, noise, crime and pollution in the city, move into the rural areas where there are open, green areas, peace, space and privacy

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66
Q

Why can businesses now operate from the coutryside?

A

Due to the improvement in information technology

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67
Q

What is new ruralism a form of?

A

counter-urbanisation (when people move back into rural areas) that is occuring in developed countries

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68
Q

What is counter-ubanisation associated with?

A

Metropolitan overspill

This is where people from the city move into areas just outside of the urban area

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69
Q

Is new ruralism encouraged? Why or why not?

A

Yes

It leads to renewed economic growth in the rural areas

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70
Q

What is the main thing that people in rural areas are encouraged to do?

A

To embark on different kinds of farming activities and to get involved in alternative activies in rural areas in order to make a sustainable living

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71
Q

What kind of alternate things can people do in rural areas in order to make a sustainable living?

A

ecotourism

Adventure activities

Manufacture and sale of craftwork

Opening bed-and-breakfast establishments

Conference venues

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72
Q

Why do alternate activities taking place in rural areas have a positive impact on people?

A

Provide jobs for the local people

Often the local people recieve some form of skills training

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73
Q

What are some strategies to address rural depopulation?

A
  • Many farmsteads have been converted into country hotels, bed-and-brekfast establishments and wedding venues
  • Scenic attractions have many coffee shops and craft shops nearby
  • Small businesses have developed to produce and sell locally made leather shoes and bags. There businesses also provide employment and skills development to local people.
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74
Q

What are some major issues facing rural areas in the less developed parts of SA due to past political issues?

A

Overcrowding in developing rural areas

A shortage of land and lack of land ownership by previously disadvantaged black people

Poor services

Poor state of hospitals and schools

Poor housing

Poor transport routes

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75
Q

How did farming take place traditionally before Apartheid?

A

There were traditional subsistence agricultural villages in the rural areas.

Tribal cheifs allocated land to the people.

Unplanned settlements developed near water and on fertile land.

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76
Q

What set apart land specifically for African rural settlements?

A

The Native Land Acts between 1913 and 1923

The Nationalist government declared these rural areas to be homelands. There was little development in the homeland areas.

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77
Q

What are betterment villages?

A

Planned villages within the homelands in which to settle black people.

With the introduction of the pass laws (or influx control) people were not encouraged to move to the cities.

Supposedly, the advantage of betterment villages was to make the building of schools and clinics easier - but the people were crowded and far from an urban area that could provide jobs. Also, there was not enough fertile land.

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78
Q

Where did the bulk of commercial farming by white farmers take place?

A

Outside the homelands.

These were highly developed areas with good infrastructure and services.

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79
Q

What is one characteristic of black homelands?

A

Environmental degradation

RESULTING FROM

overgrazing and erosion

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80
Q

What is the RDP?

A

It was a strategy that was intended to eradicate the effects of Apartheid and improve the quality of life of all South Africans.

It focused on meeting the people’s basic needs (housing, electricity, water, education and hospilisation)

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81
Q

What is the Masakhane Campaign?

A

It aims to speed up the delivery of houses and to promote a culture of payment for services

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82
Q

What is an SDI?

A

Eleven Areas with economic potential in South Africa.

They are developed for the creation of new jobs and improved infrastructure

They attract foreign investment

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83
Q

What do SDI’s link?

A

They are corridors in the rural areas linking zones of industrial development (IDZ’s)

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84
Q

What does GEAR stand for?

A

Growth, employment and redistribution

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85
Q

What does GEAR aim to do?

A

Address the needs of the country as a whole and to create thousands of jobs and over 11% growth in the export of manufactured goods, reduce inflation and improve wealth distribution.

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86
Q

What did the ANC declare to be the most basic need for rural dwellers?

A

Land

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87
Q

What legislation did the ANC government adopt in order to give people access to land

A

Land Restitution

Land Tenure

Land Redistribution

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88
Q

What is land tenure?

A

It protects the rights of labour tenants who live and grow crops or graze livestock on farms and prevents them from being evicted.

This act was later extended to allow these tenants to access water, health and education.

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89
Q

What two programmes adopted by the ANC aims to compensate for the injustices of apartheid by creating a new class of flourishing black commercial farmers?

A

Land redistibution

Land restitution

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90
Q

How much of agricultural land will be redistributed to black owners by 2014?

A

30%

Only 7.2% had been reached by 2012

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91
Q

What can happen once poor people are given land to farm?

A

These people do not have the knowledge and financial resources to farm profitably and so many people remain poor.

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92
Q

What is the difference between land restitution and land redistribution?

A

Land redistribution: Land is redistributed to people who could not previously own land

Land restitution: Land is given back to people who were forced off their land during both the colonial and apartheid eras.

93
Q

What does the IRD stand for?

A

The integrated rural development programme

94
Q

What was the goal of the IRD?

A
  • improve farming
  • provide training for farmers
  • improve services and transport in the disadvantaged rural areas.
95
Q

Give an example of an NGO that undertakes to improve farming and assist local farmers.

A

RDSP (Rural Development Support Programme)

96
Q

Define agribusinesses

A

Large corporations that are involved in production, processing and retailing of farm products

97
Q

What is Agenda 21?

A

A global agreement made at the Rio Earth Summit in 1992.

It stresses the imporance of reducing poverty, preserving the environment and involving local people in decision making to ensure sustainable development.

98
Q

Define urbansiation

A

The process by which an ever-increasing percentage of the total population is accommodated in urban rather than rural settlements

99
Q

What does the level of urbanisation measure?

A

The percentage of the total population living in urban settlements.

100
Q

What does the rate of urbanisation measure?

A

The amount by which the level of urbanisation increases from year to year

101
Q

What is urban growth?

A

An increasing number of people living in urban areas.

102
Q

What is urban expansion?

A

Urban expansion is the growth in the physical size of urban areas

103
Q

Originally, how did some farming settlements develop into villages and towns?

A
  1. at first, all settlements were rural with the focus on growing food
  2. As people began to produce extra food, they became involved in other activites and began to trade
104
Q

What was the main thing that led to the rapid expansion of villages and town?

A

The Industrial Revolution in the 1700s

More and more people moved into the urban areas to work in factories

105
Q

Do the same factors that determine the site and situation of rural settlements also affect the location of urban settlements?

A

Yes

106
Q

What are some factors that determine the location of an urban area?

A

Availability of water

Flat land

Geology and climate

Trading routes

Specialised factors needed for the function of the town

Historical factors (where settlers initiallly founded a settlement)

107
Q

What are three classifications of towns according to their function?

A

Central place towns

Trade and transport towns

Specialised towns

108
Q

What does a central place town do?

A

Provides goods and services to the surrounding rural area, which is called its spere of influence.

109
Q

What name is given to the minimum numbver of people that a central place town must serve in order to remain profitable?

A

The threshold population

110
Q

How must central place towns be placed in relation to one another?

A

Equidistant from each other in a regular pattern - if they are of the same order

111
Q

What develops due to trade and some form of transport?

A

Trade and transport towns

112
Q

What is the location of a trade and transport town dependent on?

A

The form of transport used

113
Q

What is the most common shape of a trade and transport town? Why?

A

Linear in shape as they have developed along a road

114
Q

What is a break-of-bulk point town?

A

A town that develops where one form of transport replaces another

E.g. Durban

115
Q

When does a junction town develop?

A

When two railway lines intersect

E.g. De Aar in the Northern Cape

116
Q

What is another term for a gap town?

A

A gateway town

117
Q

What is a ‘gap town’?

A

Where there is a ‘gap’ in the mountains at a mountain pass and traffic routes converge on this ‘gap’

118
Q

What is a bridge town?

A

Where there is a bridge across a river

E.g. Vereeniging

119
Q

What is a specialised town?

A

A town that has one dominant function

120
Q

How are specialised towns often found in relation to one another?

A

Specialised towns are often close to one another

121
Q

Name some examples of specialised towns in terms of mining, recreasion, military and industrial towns

A

mining - Welkom (gold)

recreation - Plettenberg Bay

military town - Simon’s Town (navy)

industrial town - Vanderbijlpark (iron and steel industry)

122
Q

What does an urban hierarchy refer to?

A

The ranking of urban settlements according to their size and function

123
Q

What can the sphere of influence also be known as?

A

The market area

124
Q

What does the range refer to?

A

The maximum distance that people will travel to acquire a service provided by a central place

125
Q

What is a low-order good or service?

A

A good or service required often or by many people or that is relatively inexpensive

126
Q

What is a high-order good or service?

A

A service or good that is seldom needed or needed by a few people or that is relatively expensive

127
Q

Do higher-order goods/services or lower-order goods/services require a larger threshold population?

A

Higher-order goods/services

they are not supplied often and must therefore have a large customer base

128
Q

What has a greater range - high-order or low-order goods and services?

A

High-order goods and services

129
Q

What serves a greater sphere of influence - high-order or low-order goods and services?

A

High-order goods and services

130
Q

How can central places be classified?

A

As high-order or low-order central places

131
Q

What are some of the characteristics of a high-order central place?

A

large poopulation

many functions

provides both high-order and low-order goods/services

large sphere of influence

large range

132
Q

What is central place theory?

A

There are more central places of a lower order in an area than central places of a higher order.

133
Q

What can be used to determine the optimum position of shopping centres?

A

Central Place Theory

The predicted service area and threshold population have to be considered to ensure the success of the venture.

134
Q

Christaller’s theories suggested methods of categorising local towns and cities according to…

A

the number of functions and order of functions that they have

135
Q

Davies found that there is a strong correlation between functions and …

A

population size

136
Q

What does the morphological structure of a city refer to?

A

The shape and appearance of a settlement.

The morphological structure includes:

  • The shape of the town
  • Street plan patterns
  • The urban profile
137
Q

What is the urban profile?

A

A view of the urban area from the side, indicating the vertical extent of the buildings

138
Q

What is the morphology of towns influenced by?

A

physical factors

planning

transport

139
Q

How can relief influence the morphology of a town?

A

The shape of the town will be influenced by the presence of:

  • mountains
  • rivers
  • the sea
140
Q

What has an effect on the urban profile of a town?

A

The underlying rock structures

High-rise buildings need to have strong underlying rock structures

141
Q

What characteristic is evident in a planned town?

A

An organised structure

e.g. sasolburg

142
Q

What are TWO characteristics of an unplanned town?

A

Built haphazardly

Usually built around restricting features

143
Q

What does piecemeal planning mean?

A

When a city has been planned in stages

144
Q

What are some characteristics of a city that has undergone piecemeal planning?

A

There are many different street patterns in the layout of the suburbs

Each street pattern releals evidence of accurate surveying before building

145
Q

What has had a major influence on urban morphology?

A

The development of transport routes

As well as the different forms of transport.

146
Q

What happens in towns as more forms of transport are introduced?

A

Towns become less compact

147
Q

What do metro stations result in?

A

concentrations of retail outlets at each node (communication point)

148
Q

What often develops along transport routes going out of the city?

A

Towns

149
Q

Where does a star-shaped town develop?

A

Along main roads that radiate outwards from the city

150
Q

Where does a semi-circular town develop?

A

Any coastal town

E.g. Durban

151
Q

Where does a linear town develop?

A

Along a road or river

Between parallel mountain ranges

152
Q

Why is a gridiron street pattern associated with older cities?

A

surveying was easy for this type of street layout.

153
Q

What is a disadvantage of a gridiron street pattern?

A

The many intersections slow traffic down

154
Q

What is planned-irregular street patterns often associated with?

A

Hilly relief

155
Q

Give one advantage AND one disadvantage of the planned-irregular street pattern

A

Advantage: easy traffic flow

Disadvantage: one can easily get lost

156
Q

What is associated with an unplanned-irregular street pattern?

A

Haphazard, with no evidence of planning

Third-world towns in Africa and Asia

157
Q

Where are radial/cobweb street patterns often found?

A

Where there is an important building in the centre of the town

158
Q

How can you clearly distinguish the different land-use zones of a city?

A

By studying the urban profile

159
Q

Why are the tallest buildings in the centre of a city?

A

This is where land is most expensive (due to the high demand)

160
Q

What is associated with the CBD of a town/city?

A

High-rise office blocks

Shopping centres

Professional services

Both high-order and low-order functions

Contains the PLVI (Peak Land Value Intersection)

161
Q

What does the PLVI stand for? What is it?

A

Peak Land Value Intersection

The most accessible zone in a town resulting in the highest land values

162
Q

What is associated with the OBD?

A

Similar characteristics to that of the CBD

Found along main roads leading out of town

Contains the SLVI (Secondary Land Value Intersection)

163
Q

What is the SLVI?

A

The Secondary Land Value Intersection

This zone has a high land value as it is accessible due to its location on major traffic routes.

164
Q

What is a regional shopping centre?

A

It is found some distance out of town near an intersection of highways in the rural/urban fringe on cheaper land.

They develop on the outskirts of big cities to attract the motorist shopper.

165
Q

What is a commercial ribbon / linear corridor development?

A

When high-rise buildings line a main road leading out of towns.

166
Q

What is the zone of transition (zone of decay)

A

An area found just outside the CBD

Dilapidated and derelict as the older buildings have been neglected and are being used for functions that differ from their original function.

Land values are still high

167
Q

What does facadism refer to?

A

Where the fronts of buildings are maintained but the rest of the building is upgraded, possibly being used for something else.

168
Q

Generally speaking, where are low-income residential areas found?

A

They are generally flats in and around the CBD for easy access to the city

169
Q

What does urban renewal refer to?

A

When land values are still high and developers are moving in with hopes of renewing a decaying area

170
Q

Where are middle-income areas located?

A

In suburbs beyond the CBD

These are medium-size, single-standing houses with schools and a shopping centre close by.

There is often evidence of genrification (chelseafication)

171
Q

What is gentrification (chelseafication)?

A

When old homes are upgraded

172
Q

Where are high-income residential areas located?

A

Further from the CBD (than middle-income areas) and far from any industrial areas.

Large homes associated with good views and are usually accessible to the highways and are near parks, golf courses and rivers.

173
Q

What are some characteristics of an informal settlement?

A

On an open piece of ground

Near a highway or river

Near an existing suburb

No street plan evident

Few water and sanitation points

174
Q

Where are site-and-service settlements located?

A

On government-allocated land near large urban areas.

Services such as sewarage, electricity and water are provided.

Residents build their own dwellings

175
Q

Where are light industries found?

A

In the transition zone

Accessible to the CBD

Do not produce noise or smoke

176
Q

What are some characteristics of planned industrial estates?

A

Located on low-cost land along railwys and roads

Large premises

177
Q

What are some characteristics of heavy industrial areas?

A

Located outside the urban area near a tranport route where cost of land and pollution are not an issue

Produce bulky products

Level land

178
Q

What is the rural-urban fringe?

A

The area found beyond the city limits

Mixture of functions

High and low-income residential areas

Planned regional shoppping centres

Airports

Chicken farms

Sewerage farms

Golf courses

179
Q

What does the term precinct refer to?

A

A distinct, specialised area in a city

e.g. sports precinct or shopping precinct

180
Q

When is there an incompatibility of land use?

A

When certain land uses are incompatible

E.g. high-income residential area and industrial area

181
Q

What is a centrifugal force?

A

When there is a movement of functions from the city centre to the periphery

182
Q

What are some characteristics of centrifugal forces in a city?

A

There are high land values, old decaying buildings, traffic congestion or lack of parking in the CBD

There is evidence of functions moving outwards as the city develops

This can cause the city to expand into the rural fringe.

183
Q

What does “urban sprawl” refer to?

A

The uncontrolled growth in the physical size of the city

184
Q

What do centripetal forces refer to?

A

Where functions remain in the city and attract other functions to the city

185
Q

What are some characteristics of centripetal forces in a city?

A

Due to accessibility, convenience or prestige of being located in a certain area

Functional magnetism also cases businesses that are linked to locate near one another

Exclusive loft apartments in the city are attracting people back to live in the CBD

186
Q

What is functional magnetism?

A

When businesses that are linked are located close to one another

187
Q

What is invasion?

A

When the CBD and its functions expands into the surrounding residential areas

188
Q

What is succession?

A

When the CBD takes over residential areas

189
Q

What is centralisation?

A

When a central location is chosen mainly for accessibilty

190
Q

What is concentration?

A

When similar functions locate in the same area of the city for convenience.

E.g. the financial sector of Johnannesburg

191
Q

What is deconcentration

A

When concentrated areas become saturated and move elsewhere.

192
Q

What is decentralisation?

A

The movement of functions to an area outside the central business district, owing to high rents, crime and other factors

193
Q

What is recentralisation?

A

When centralisation takes place in an area beyond the periphery

194
Q

What type of model is the South African Apartheid city?

A

A blend of models

Unique in its location of the residential land use zones

195
Q

What are some characteristics of the Burgess’s Concentric Zone Model?

A

CBD in the centre

Other land used placed in concentric circles around the CBD

Low-income is closest to the CBD (cannot afford transport costs)

196
Q

What are some characteristics of the Hoyt Sector Model?

A

CBD is in the centre

Some land uses in sectors along traffic routes radiating outwards from the CBD

High-income far from industry

Low-income close to CBD, wholesale and industrial areas

197
Q

What are some characteristics of the Harris and Ullman’s Multiple Nuclei Model?

A

CBD is not placed in the centre

There are OBDs

Some residential and industrial land uses are placed on the periphery

Multiple Nuclei Model can be quite common

198
Q

What are some of the characteristics of the Modern American-Western City Model?

A

Shows the influence of improved transport associated with the motor car

Similar to Multiple Nuclei Model - residential areas separate fromn the places where people work. However, CBD is central.

Residential densities are low

Clear segregation between socio-economic groups

Building density is greatest in the centre

Public transport systems are poor

199
Q

What are some characteristics of the Third World City Model?

A

Refelct old colonial influence

Sharp distinction in colonial upper-income people and the local people

Colonists tend to live closer to CBD

Commercial areas include both the CBD and ‘bazaar’ areas

200
Q

What are some characteristics of the South African City?

A

Apartheid influence

Township place on the edge of city with a buffer zone (mountain, railway line, empty piece of land, mine dumps)

201
Q

What has resulted in the CBD in many cities to become depopulated and the CBD to show evidence of urban blight and decay?

A

Centrifugal forces

202
Q

What has led to urban renewal projects to encourage people and activites back into the CBD and inner city?

A

Centrifugal forces

203
Q

What are some examples of urban renewal projects?

A
  • facadism
  • Warehouses and old light-industry buildings being converted into living space
  • Commercial buildings being developed into trendy residential spaces
  • Gentrification
  • Street furniture

This all results in mixed land use

204
Q

What are the main processes resonsible for changing urban patterns?

A
  • deconcentration (when a concentrated area becomes saturated and functions move to the periphery)
  • decentralisation (the movement of CBD functions to an area outside the CBD)
  • recentralisation (when centralisation takes place in an area beyond the periphery)
205
Q

What are gated communities?

A

Residential areas that have been fenced off and have controlled access

Give residents extra security

206
Q

What are golfing estates?

A

Residential areas planned and constructed on a golf course by a developer

Normally in rural-urban fringe but may also be found in urban area

207
Q

What is a mixed-use estate?

A

A residential estate in the rural-urban periphery that contains commercial facilities, educational facilities and recreational facilities all within a fenced-off area

208
Q

What are dormitory towns (satellite towns or commuter settlements)?

A

Towns beyond the main city that have been developed primarily with a residential function.

Residents commute to work in main city

209
Q

What is counter-urbanisation?

A

When people move out of the city back into the rural areas as they desire a more peaceful lifestyle in the country

210
Q

What are new towns, harden cities and greenbelt towns?

A

Urban areas where the residential areas, commercial areas, transport facilities, education, medical and recreational facilities ahve been fully planned to create attractive and healthy urban settlements.

211
Q

What is densification?

A

When there is a move to encourage people to live in closer proximity to each other.

This has led to the development of townhouses and clusters. Many large residential properties are being subdivided into smaller plots.

Aims to address the problem of urban sprawl

212
Q

What is new urbanisation?

A

The development of urban areas in such a way that people live in areas that promote a higher quality of life although living close the city centre.

Based on the principle of mixed land uses

Most things needed by people are within walking distance. Some streets are car free.

213
Q

What discourages urban sprawl?

A

Development with environmentally friendly amenities.

214
Q

Is South Africa still a rural society?

A

No. 62% of people in South Africa live in urban areas

215
Q

When did urbanisation in South Africa first take place?

A

With the discovery of diamonds and gold (late 1800’s)

216
Q

What limited urbanisation in South Africa?

A

The many Land Acts that were put in place during the Apartheid era

Black people were forcesd to settle in ‘native reserves’ and later ‘homelands’

217
Q

What were the problems with urban areas during Apartheid?

A

Reflected the Apartheid policy of separate development. Most of the residents in townships were not allowed to own their own land.

Infrastructure in townships was poorly developed.

White towns unfairly had good water, electricity, garbage removal and sewerage systems.

218
Q

What led to the rapid increase in the rate of urbanisation in South Africa?

A

The abandonment of pass laws, Group Areas Act and the Homelands Act in 1986.

219
Q

Why were there insufficient homes and jobs in the cities after 1986?

A

There was rapid urbanisation due to the abolishment of many Apartheid laws.

220
Q

What are some of the results of a lack of housing and poverty (due to a lack of jobs)?

A

Shacks built on any available land close to water and jobs

The inner city became overpopulated and dilapidated

Infrustrature could not support the increasing population

Services were often cut off when they weren’t being paid for

221
Q

What is traffic congestion caused by?

A

too many cars in the suburbs which were not designed to carry heavy traffic

road closures to protect suburbs

gridiron street plan

everyone using their own car

222
Q

What are some solutions to the problem of traffic congestion?

A

decentralising offices and shops

introducing flexitime

introducing one-way streets

syncronising of traffic lights

improving public transport

223
Q

What are administrative (city management) problems in cities often due to?

A

Too many people migrating to the city for the infrastructure to handle

Sewerage leaks

Excessisive garbage production

Power failures

224
Q

How can administrative (city management) problems be solved?

A

municipalities can be sub-divided to allow for smaller areas to be more efficiently controlled

Problems should be reported to Metro-Watch to speed up delivery of services

225
Q

Why does urban decay occur?

A

people are poor

people have no motivation to tend to their properties

the houses in the inner city are being rented while their owners wait for rezoning

Buildings are being invaded by people that have nowhere else to go

226
Q

How does one halt the process of urban decay?

A

encourage community involvement

urban renewal projects sponsored by big businesses

upgrading or demolishing decaying buildings

227
Q

What are some causes for social and environmental problems?

A

The development of informal settlements

lack of housing

destruction of the environment

pollution

urban sprawl

228
Q

How can social and environmental problems be rectified?

A

RDP/GEAR/Private Sector helping build low-cost housing

unleaded petrol

improving public transport

burning between 9:00 and 15:00 when thermal belts will disperse smoke

Enforcing the use of filters on chimneys

Control of river frontage

Testing water regularly

Fitting drains with filters

Densification

229
Q

What are some general characteristics of the development of Informal Settlements?

A

Caused by urbanisation

Inadequate services offered to residents

Inadequate living space

Occurs most rapidly in the world’s poorest regions

Threat to developemnt, the environment and to the health of people

13.4% of the urban population in SA lives in informal settlements

Geography (5 decks)

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