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Economic geography of South Africa Flashcards

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1
Q

What are some characteristics of small-scale farmers?

A

operate on small land sizes

farm a variety of products

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2
Q

What leaves the poor undernourished?

A

food insecurity

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3
Q

What type of farming provides thousands of jobs for South Africans?

A

Dairy Farming

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4
Q

Why is maize of important to South Africa?

A 
staple diet
used in animal feed
raw material for production of cooking oil, glucose and starch
less seed per hectare than other cereals
farming and processing provides employment
foreign exchange
support other industries indirectly
provides employment in industry
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5
Q

What are some examples of primary economic activities?

A 
farming
fishing
forestry
hunting
mining
quarrying
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6
Q

What are IDZs?

A

zones of industrial development - close to harbours and airports

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7
Q

What are some are the factors that favoured the industrial development of the Durban-Pinetown area?

A

Durban is a port
Large skilled and unskilled source of labour
Agricultural raw materials are available for processing
Plentiful supply of water
flat coastal plain
relatively close to Gauteng
Easy access to Asian markets

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8
Q

Where are deciduous fruit mainly grown

A

Western Cape

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9
Q

What is sustainable agriculture?

A

when farms are able to produce food indefinitely without damaging natural resources and the ecosystem

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10
Q

What is beneficiation?

A

the processing of minerals which adds value and use to the raw material

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11
Q

What are some of South Africa’s rainfall patterns that hinder agriculture?

A

unreliable and inadequate rainfall in some parts of the country (often subject to drought)
Crop farming limited to wetter areas which forces livestock to be in drier areas
Crop farming in marginal areas require irrigation
Severe hail storms in summer rainfall areas destroy crops

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12
Q

What are the disadvantage associated with decentralisation?

A

markets are further away
industries do not benefit from proximity to one another
authorities need to expand and create additional transport links
electricity and water needs to be distributed

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13
Q

How does AMD occur?

A

AMD stands for Acid Mine Drainage
Spaces left behind after minerals have been extracted fill with water. Water reacts with oxygen and iron pyrites to form sulphuric acid. This pollutes underground water

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14
Q

What are the main manufactured goods that South Africa exports?

A

machinery and equipment

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15
Q

What are some examples of quaternary economic activities?

A

IT

Call centres

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16
Q

What are some post-apartheid industrial development strategies?

A

RDP (Reconstruction and Development Programme)
GEAR (Growth, Employment and Redistribution)
Manufacturing Development Programme
Small-Medium manufacturing Grant

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17
Q

What are the consequences of having a reduced home market for manufactured goods due to high poverty levels?

A

Goods made in SA are more expensive than similar goods made overseas and SA cannot compete on the world market

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18
Q

What are tertiary economic activities?

A

activities that are concerned with:

the distribution of products to the consumer the provision of services

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19
Q

What is horticulture?

A

flower farming

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20
Q

What are some factors relating to the vegetation and soil of South Africa that favour agriculture?

A

mixed grasses and shrubs - ideal for grazing
good leaf litter - humus in soil
Mixed grasses easily cleared for growing crops

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21
Q

Which countries does South Africa export grapes to?

A 
Netherlands
Indonesia
UK
Mexico
China
Germany
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22
Q

What is the 500mm isohyet area in SA?

A

The line drawn across SA separating NW areas of SA from the other wetter areas
The marginal areas are the areas found close to the 500mm isohyet.

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23
Q

Can organic farming practices increase yields?

A

yes. it has been shown that it does in some areas

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24
Q

What have economic activities in South Africa been influenced by?

A 
available rain
irrigation schemes
discovery of minerals
government policy on reform
development
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25
Q

What is the most important industrial area in South Africa?

A

PWV

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26
Q

Usually, is a ubiquitous industry heavy or light?

A

light.

It uses local raw materials and processes low order goods

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27
Q

How has land ownership affected agriculture in South Africa?

A

Many disadvantage people were unable to own farmland during apartheid
Land reform is currently taking place
Many emerging farmer do not have the sufficient knowledge of farming commercially
Great deal of land is under communal land tenure - people continue subsistence farming in these areas

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28
Q

What factors benefit South Africa’s trade ?

A

Trade liberalisation policies
SADC (free trade area)
NEPAD (New Partnership for Africa’s Development) - low tariffs and trade agreements

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29
Q

Where are raw-material-oriented industries located?

A

close to the source of the raw materials

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30
Q

What does food security mean?

A

The food supply is sufficient to support people’s daily needs

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31
Q

Mining’s contribution to the economy has ___ since the early 2000’s

A

declined

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32
Q

Where is maize commercially grown?

A

on the highveld

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33
Q

What does AgriBEE refer to?

A

Agricultural Black Economic Empowerment
Tries to secure contracts for emerging farmers.
Not effective - agribusinesses do not adhere to strict quotas

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34
Q

What does centralisation refer to?

A

the development of economic activities in a central location

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35
Q

Why is water scarcity in SA a concern of industry?

A

industries need water for most forms of processing.

Large inter-basin-transfer-schemes have been developed to ensure that the main industrial areas have enough water.

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36
Q

What does mixed farming mean?

A

combination of crop farming and rearing livestock

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37
Q

What is a primary economic activity?

A

activities that involve the expolitation of raw materials from the natural environment

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38
Q

Where is winter wheat grown?

A

Western Cape

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39
Q

What is an ubiquitous industry?

A

An industry that can be found anywhere in a region

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40
Q

What is a bridge industry?

A

An industry located between the raw material and the market

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41
Q

What are human and social factors that hinder agriculture in SA?

A

Rising cost of farming equipment

HIV / AIDS reduces productivity

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42
Q

What are some negative impacts of mining on people?

A

disrupted families (miners need to move away from home)
Spread of HIV/AIDS (relationships away from home)
Exposed to dangers inside of mine
Miners develop silicosis
Miners develop asbestosis
Price fluctuations - mines being closed down (and jobs lost)
Disagreement between management and workers

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43
Q

What are PGMs?

A

Platinum group metals

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44
Q

What is nearly half of South Africa’s water used for?

A

Agriculture

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45
Q

How does politics affect the location of industry?

A

Previously, during the Apartheid era, industries were encouraged to be near the homelands
Currently, IDZs and SDIs have been established which affect the location of industries

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46
Q

What are some of the factors that favoured the industrial development in the Southwestern Cape?

A

Historically significant area - legislative capital
important harbour
rich agricultural region - processable raw materials
highly urbanised area - supply of labour
good transport network
Mediterranean climate = ideal working conditions
dry summers assist in production of dried fruits
rich fishing area
Dams provide adequate water supplies

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47
Q

How do tertiary activities contribute to the economy?

A

tertiary activities contribute most to the country’s GDP
Value of contribution to GDP is on the rise
Tertiary activities provide services that other economic sectors require
Provide services to people of SA
Generate foreign exchange through tourism
Provides employment for South Africans

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48
Q

Where are sunflowers grown?

A

Free State
North West
Mpumalanga
Limpopo

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49
Q

What is one of the Millennium Development goals

A

to reduce food insecurity

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50
Q

Give some recommendations to combat food insecurity

A

regulate food prices
provide biofuels that do not compete for cropland and water
support small-scale farmers and finance them to develop intercropping systems
develop alternative animal feeds
improve infrastructure and reduce trade barriers
limit global warming
raise awareness of pressure of increasing population growth

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51
Q

What were some of the Apartheid industrial development strategies?

A

Border industries

NPDPs

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52
Q

What agricultural product does South Africa have the greatest share of in the world?

A

Ostrich products

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53
Q

What is a market-oriented industry?

A

When the finished product needs to be located close to the market.

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54
Q

What are some temperature factors that hinder agriculture in SA?

A

severe frosts that occur in valleys and high-lying exposed plateau areas

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55
Q

What are SDIs?

A

corridors in the rural areas that have been identified for economic development

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56
Q

Where is sugar cane grown?

A

Eastern Cape
KZN
Mpumalanga

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57
Q

What are quaternary economic activities?

A

activities that are concerned with:
scientific research
collection and processing of data

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58
Q

Where does manufacturing mostly take place? Where else can it take place?

A

Mostly occurs in factories

There is an increase in small home industries or cottage industries

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59
Q

What are the main industrial activities in Durban-Pinetown (eThekwini) area?

A 
petrol refineries
Huletts sugar
food processing
ship building
motor manufacturing
chemical industry
paper and printing
paint
shoes
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60
Q

What is a growing agricultural activity that has large economic potential

A

Game farming

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61
Q

What is the GDP?

A

Gross domestic product

the value of goods and services produced in that country in one year

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62
Q

Does South Africa export beef?

A

No. SA doesn’t produce enough beef for its needs. Lots of beef is imported from neighbouring countries

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63
Q

What are sheep reared for?

A

mutton and wool

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64
Q

What water availability factors hinder farming in SA?

A

Periodic and episodic rivers west of 500mm isohyet dry up

In marginal areas, irrigation schemes have to be built

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65
Q

What industries are related to mining?

A

The steel and iron industries

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66
Q

What does decentralisation refer to?

A

the development of economic activities in an area away from the central location

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67
Q

What reduces the home market for many manufactured goods?

A

high poverty levels

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68
Q

How can malnourishment be prevented?

A

By a varied diet

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69
Q

What are some minerals that SA has very large supplies of?

A 
manganese
platinum
gold
diamonds
coal
chromite ore
vanadium
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70
Q

What are some of the factors that favoured the industrial development in the PE-Uitenhage area?

A

Harbour facilities for containerisation and for the export of vehicles
Deep-water harbour at Coega
Goods easily exported (well situated between W &E)
High unemployment rate (relatively cheap labour)
Supplied with water from the Orange River Project

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71
Q

What does increasing poverty result in?

A

an increase in food insecurity in urban areas leaving to undernourishment and malnourishment

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72
Q

What four types of economic activities are there?

A

primary
secondary
tertiary
quaternary

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73
Q

What are some factors that hinder mining in SA?

A

Great distance between mines and harbours
Accidents and silicosis can cause injury.
Fluctuation in price of minerals can mean that mines are closed down
Mining strikes disrupt the economy
Excessive use of water can cause water shortages
Output from a mine declines as reserves are depleted
Costs to rehabilitate mining areas are great.

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74
Q

What is monoculture?

A

growing of only one crop on a farm

75
Q

How has trade negatively influenced agriculture in South Africa?

A

Price fluctuations based on supply and demand
Europe charges duties to South Africa
Exports are banned if disease breaks out
Some products are more expensive when bought locally

76
Q

What type of mining is being encouraged?

A

small-scale mining of slate, granite and sand

77
Q

Does food insecurity mean that there is no food in the poor regions?

A

Not neccessarily. It just means that poor people don’t have access to the food in the region.

78
Q

What are some examples of light industry?

A

jewellery-making, clothing factories, wineries

79
Q

What does AMD stand for?

A

acid mine drainage

80
Q

What is the value of a sector’s contribution determined by?

A

the value of its contribution to the GDP of the country

81
Q

What does Buffalo City include?

A

East London
Bisho
King William’s Town

82
Q

What are some negative impacts of mining on the environment?

A

large quatities of water are required
open-cast mining scars the land
open-cast mining destroys various ecosystems
open-cast mining creates dust
Dust is created in the transportation of minerals to processing plant
Mine dumps destroy habitats
Mine dumps create dust if not covered in vegetation
Polluted underground water (AMD - acid mine drainage)

83
Q

What is extensive farming?

A

large commercial farms with less input in relation to land area and low yield per unit area

84
Q

Where are sub-tropical fruits produced?

A

Mpumalanga
Limpopo
KZN
Eastern Cape

85
Q

What does rapid population growth, associated with centralisation result in?

A

shortages of housing, educational facilities and medical services
overburdened infrastructure
shortage of jobs
crime
excessive pollution
water shortage
peripheral areas of a country remaining less developed

86
Q

What is a footloose industry?

A

When the finished product is either close to the market or close to the supply of raw materials

87
Q

How do secondary activities contribute to the South African economy?

A

manufacturing contributes significantly to the GDP
Provides people with goods that they need
Provides employment
Increase the value of raw materials
Manufactured goods can be exported

88
Q

What does it mean when we say that South Africa is a NET AGRICULTURAL EXPORTER?

A

We export more agricultural products than we import

89
Q

What does food insecurity mean?

A

There is not enough food to support people’s daily needs

90
Q

What are some characteristics of light industry?

A 
lightweight raw materials are used
light machinery is required
the end-product is small
little pollution
no need for rail transport
91
Q

How do raw materials affect the location of industrial development in South Africa?

A

Large range of raw materials available in South Africa. Location of different types of industry depends largely on the location of the raw material.

92
Q

Where is summer wheat grown?

A

Free State

93
Q

What are some characteristics of the mineral resources in South Africa?

A

SA has:
the largest reserves of manganese PGMs
All categories of minerals

94
Q

What are some of the main industrial activities in the PE-Uitenhage area?

A 
motor vehicle parts
tyres
batteries
springs
leather goods
fruit canning
saltworks
95
Q

What are some of the main industrial activities that take place in the Southwestern Cape?

A 
fruit canning
wine-making
frozen and canned fish
flour milling and wheat products
textiles
96
Q

What does arable farming mean?

A

the culivating the soil to grow crops

97
Q

What are some temperature factors that favour agriculture?

A

Average temperature of 15 degrees Celsius allows for a wide variety of crops to be grown
Arable areas of SA have a long growing season with many days without frost

98
Q

What positive thing does mining promote?

A

job-creation

99
Q

What does pastoral farming mean?

A

rearing livestock

100
Q

What are some of the impacts of mining strikes?

A

decline in production
huge financial losses
striking miners and families may be affected

101
Q

How many IDZs have been identified?

A

8

102
Q

Which economic activities are increasing in importance and value to the GDP in SA?

A

secondary and tertiary sectors

103
Q

What is commercial farming?

A

farming using most modern farming methods and producing high quality goods that are sold not only to the domestic market but also to the export market

104
Q

What are some factors relating to the vegetation and soil of South Africa that hinder agriculture?

A

forest areas are difficult to clear; their regrowth is fast
Soils in W are shallow and sandy (subject to erosion)
Overuse of soil has reduced soil fertility
Overgrazed areas cannot be used for agriculture

105
Q

What are cash crops?

A

crops that are produced to be sold

106
Q

What is the second most important industrial area in South Africa?

A

Durban-Pinetown (eThekwini)

107
Q

Where are poultry and pig farming sites often located?

A

Close to cities

108
Q

What is a dual agricultural economy as a result of?

A

colonialism and apartheid

109
Q

Which areas are mainly affected by AMD?

A

Gauteng gold-mining areas

Coal mining areas in Mpumalanga

110
Q

What is subsistence farming?

A

farming to provide food for the family, (using basic techniques and primitive farming implements)

111
Q

Does South Africa export a lot of pork?

A

No

112
Q

What is an example of a ubiquitous industry?

A

The processing of some type of local agricultural product

113
Q

What is the RDP?

A

government focused on improving the basic needs of people

Came to an end in 1996 (some progress was made)

114
Q

What are some characteristics of SDIs?

A

Transport infrastructure is being developed and improved
Project is aimed at creating jobs
Support is provided for agriculture, tourism and industry

115
Q

What will influence on South Africa’s water supply in the future?

A

climate change, droughts and floods

116
Q

Does South Africa export more manufactured goods or more raw materials

A

South Africa exports more manufactured products than raw materials.

117
Q

What are some of the IDZs that have been developed?

A 
Coega
Ngqura near PE
East London (Buffalo City)
Saldanha
Richard's Bay
118
Q

What are some exmaples of extensive farming?

A

maize
cattle
sheep farms

119
Q

What do large-scale commercial farmers have the benefit of?

A

access to financial support from commercial banks
support services provided by agribusinesses
access to marketing structures

120
Q

What water availability factors favour farming in SA?

A

permanent rivers and groundwater in E and S of SA

121
Q

Where is tea grown?

A

Western Cape

Eastern Cape

122
Q

What are some examples of heavy industry?

A

iron and steel works
manufacture of tractors
making of synthetic fuel

123
Q

What are human and social factors that favour agriculture in SA?

A

Many new techniques
Improved transport
Consolidation of small farms

124
Q

What are emerging farmers?

A

the people who have received farmland which has been bought by the government and then given to them as well as the people who have regained the land that was taken from them in the time of Apartheid

125
Q

What are some factors that favour mining in SA?

A 
SA is rich in accessible minerals
large labour force
infrastructure is available
mining attracts foreign investment in SA
mining in SA is technologically highly advanced
SA has deepest gold mine in the world
126
Q

What are some of the problems associated with centralisation?

A 
There is an over-concentration of people and economic activity in these areas.
overuse of services
traffic congestion
housing shortage
pollution
127
Q

When does a footloose industry occur?

A

When the raw material and the processed article are easy to move

128
Q

Which part of the population mostly works in the tertiary economic sector?

A

educated and skilled workers

129
Q

What type of agricultural economy does South Africa have?

A

A dual agricultural economy

130
Q

Has the quaternary economic sector yet been recognised by the UN?

A

No. Does not appear in official stats. Data for quaternary activities is included in data about the tertiary sector

131
Q

Why is agriculture important to the South African economy?

A

provides people with food (maize especially)
provides industries with raw materials
supports many tertiary services
stimulates growth of small towns
supports quaternary sector (through agri research)
provides employment
SA is a net agricultural exporter

132
Q

What has the government focused on since 1994?

A

developing small-scale farmers.

133
Q

What role does mining play in the international economy?

A

SA exports much gold, diamonds, coal, manganese and coal

134
Q

What are some SDIs where development is focussed?

A 
Fish River SDI
KZN SDI
Lebombo SDI
Wild Coast SDI
Maputo corridor
135
Q

Does South Africa export wool?

A

Yes

136
Q

How has trade positively influenced agriculture in South Africa?

A

We experience the opposite season to European countries

Trade agreements allow for increased trade

137
Q

Give an example of centralisation in South Africa

A

Much of SAs economic activity hasz occurred in the four main core areas.

138
Q

What was the result in the decline of mining to the South African GDP?

A

Decline in the contribution to the secondary and tertiary economic sectors

139
Q

What are some examples of the positive impact that mining has on SA?

A

Attracted immigrants from all over the world
Stimulated the development of agriculture (as people need food)
Stimulated the growth of towns
Stimulated the growth of infrastructure
Mining of coal provided electricity generation
Mining led to the development of a skilled working force (in mining)
Sasol processes coal to manufacture liquid fuel
Mining led to development and growth of industry
Mining sector is a large contributor to BEE

140
Q

What is lacking in subsistence farming areas?

A

infrastructure (water supply, power and transport)

This continues to have a negative impact on agricultural production

141
Q

What are some characteristics of heavy industry?

A

large quantities of raw materials are used
heavy machinery is required
a bulky end product is produced
large amounts of pollution
direct access to heavy transport facilities needed

142
Q

How has the distribution of people employed in South Africa in different sectors changed?

A

Less are employed in primary

More are employed in secondary and tertiary

143
Q

What is the largest agricultural sector in South Africa?

A

Livestock

144
Q

What are some of the difficulties that small-scale farmers face?

A

lack practical and management skills required
unable to get loans from bank
mechanisation not possible (lack of money & small size)
production is not consistant
yields are low
limited access to neccessary structures for marketing (silos and abattoirs)
unable to supply retail (do not fulfil quality standards)

145
Q

What are some of South Africa’s rainfall patterns that favour agriculture?

A

good summer rains on Highveld
winter rain in Western Cape allows for grapes, deciduous fruit, winter wheat and olives
High rainfall on East Coast allows for sugarcane and sub-tropical fruits

146
Q

Where is the dried fruit industry based?

A

in the Northern Cape

main products are sultanas and raisins

147
Q

What is the difference between undernourishment and malnourishment?

A

undernourishment is when a person does not get enough energy in the form of food
Malnourishment means that a person does not get enough essential nutrients

148
Q

What is GEAR?

A

encourage foreign investment in South Africa
Creating jobs
Eradicate poverty

Did not result in economic growth

149
Q

What affect does South Africa’s labour supply have on the location of local industry?

A

Industries require both skilled and unskilled labour. Consequently, factories are usually located close to large urban areas. Most factories have developed programmes to provide unskilled labour with training

150
Q

What is an example of a bridge industry?

A

An oil refinery which is located at a harbour.
The raw material is transported by oil tanker to harbour. It is then processed and transported to inland areas via pipeline.

151
Q

What can cause locally produced goods to often be more expensive?

A

globalisation and the production of cheap goods overseas

152
Q

What are some factors that contribute to food insecurity in South Africa?

A

Food prices increasing
Lack of finance to invest in agricultural equipment
Seasonal changes
Climate change
Land degradation
Farmers focusing on cash crops for export purposes
Population of SA which is growing at a faster rate than food production
Land redistribution and restitution (people lacking skills)
Poor distribution of food
Food wastage

153
Q

Is it easier to transport the finished product or raw material?

A

easier to transport the finished product

154
Q

What needs to happen before a new mine is opened?

A

EIA (environmental Impact Assessment) needs to be conducted before a new mine is opened

155
Q

What relief factors in SA make farming difficult?

A

steep slope of the escarpment

deep, incised river valleys

156
Q

What are grapes also processed into?

A

fruit juice
brandy
vinegar

157
Q

What factor favours mechanisation in South Africa?

A

plateau and coastal plains are flat

158
Q

What are some examples of tertiary economic activities?

A 
transport
trade
electrical services
financial services
medical services
education
tourism
159
Q

Where are grapes mostly grown in South Africa?

A

Western Cape
Vredendal
Lower Orange River
Midlands of KZN

160
Q

What can raw-material-orientated industries also be called?

A

supply-orientated industries

161
Q

Are citrus fruits an export fruit?

A

yes

162
Q

What is one of the main things that South Africa imports?

A

electronic goods

163
Q

What are some of the main industrial activities in Gauteng?

A 
iron and steel industry
engineering and metal processing
chemical industries
motor vehicles
cement
paper
confectionary
fertiliser
beverage
insecticide
synthetic rubber factories
164
Q

What is plantation farming?

A

growing trees

165
Q

What are South Africa’s four main industrial regions?

A

PWV
Durban-Pinetown
Port Elizabeth-Uitenhage
Southwestern Cape

166
Q

Where are citrus fruits grown?

A 
Limpopo
Mpumalanga
Eastern Cape
Western Cape 
KZN
167
Q

What do game farmers sell?

A

game meat and live animals

168
Q

What is an example of a market-oriented industry?

A

food (which is perishable)

anything which is bulky and difficult to move (large machinery)

169
Q

What is the greatest factor that hinders agriculture in South Africa?

A

Availability of water

170
Q

How is South Africa currently implementing solutions to food insecurity?

A 
controlling prices of milk powder, peanut butter, margarine and onions
Educating emerging farmers
Implementing drought management
Controlling disease
Ensuring provision of water
Establishing urban food gardens
171
Q

What is one example of intensive farming?

A

horticulture

172
Q

Where are pineapples grown?

A

Eastern Cape

KZN

173
Q

What is the impact of AMD?

A 
Water is polluted
Poor soil quality
Harm to aquatic animals
Health issues associated with long-term exposure to AMD
Harm to tourist facilities
Harm to infrastructure
174
Q

What has enabled factories to be located in many diverse areas?

A

The improvement of IT

175
Q

Does SA have enough food to feed its entire population?

A

Yes. It is a net food exporter - poorer people just don’t have access to it.

176
Q

What is intensive farming?

A

small farms with high input (capital and labour) in relation to area of land and high yields per unit area

177
Q

What is a dual agricultural economy?

A

consisting of two types of agriculture: subsistence agriculture and commercial farming

178
Q

What is South Africa trying through the process of decentralisation?

A

to develop industries in the peripheral areas and spread economic wealth to these areas

179
Q

What can bridge industries also be called?

A

break-of-bulk industries

180
Q

What are secondary economic activities?

A

activities that involve the processing of primary materials into finished products. This is a manufacturing process that adds value to raw materials

181
Q

What needs to be promoted to ensure food security?

A

sustainable agriculture

182
Q

What were some of the factors that encouraged economic development in Gauteng?

A 
mines - attracted workers to factories
many skilled workers available 
rich in raw amterials
agricultural sector developed to provide food to miners, then expanded to supply raw materials for industry
good transport network
large population - ready market
Higher rainfall (also Inter-basin water transfer schemes)
Flat land has made construction easy
183
Q

Where does South Africa export maize?

A

neightboring countries
south korea
mexico
japan

Geography (5 decks)

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