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Geo Paper 1 IGCSE > Settlement geo > Flashcards

Settlement geo Flashcards

1
Q

1)Settlements (rural+urban) and service provision.

Case study?

-explain the patterns of a settlement
-describe+explain factors which influence sites, growth, and functions
-give reasons for hierarchy of settlements

A

Leuven, Overjise, Neerjise & Huldenburg.

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2
Q

1.a) Leuven Settlement Hierarchy:

A

-city,
-100,000 population,
-nodal point,
-large market top of the hierarchy
- high order shops & services ( KU Leuven, IMEC, 2 hospitals, sporting venues, cinema, theatres)

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3
Q

Overijse Settlement Hierarchy:

A

-Large Town,
- 24,000 people,
-swimming pool, cultural centre, secondary school, several bars, restaurants, banks, bus station.

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4
Q

Neerijse Settlement Hierarchy:

A

-Village
-population 1,742,
-low order shops & services pharmacy, church, cafe, primary school, post office, bakery, bus service, hair dresser.

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5
Q

Huldenberg

A

-small Town,
-population 9,464,
-wide range of low order shops & services - pharmacy, post office.
-but also has some small high order shops - book shop, electronics store, car wash, football club.
-Located on a main route into Leuven.

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6
Q

1.b) Explain the patterns of settlement.

A

Leuven:
nucleated settlement.
as its high population density, centralized services, and infrastructure, university (KU Leuven)

Overijse and Neerijse: dispersed and linear settlement patterns,
vineyards and proximity to Brussels, while Neerijse is more rural.

Holdenberg :
dispersed settlement pattern.
scattered farms and open fields.

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7
Q

. Factors Influencing Sites

A

○ Water availability: Many settlements in the area were originally established near rivers (e.g., the River Dijle) to provide drinking water, irrigation, and transport.

○ Relief and topography: Settlements like Leuven were developed on slightly elevated ground to avoid flooding.

○ Soil fertility: Areas around Overijse and Neerijse were chosen for their fertile soil, ideal for agriculture (e.g., vineyards).

○ Defensibility: Historical settlements like Leuven were established with strategic locations for defense (e.g., proximity to trade routes).

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8
Q

Factors Influencing Growth

A

-Economic development: Leuven grew as a center of trade, education, and culture due to its university and position as a transport hub.

-Proximity to Brussels:
Overijse and Neerijse benefit from suburbanization, as they attract commuters working in Brussels.

-Agricultural activities:
Smaller settlements like Overijse are sustained by agricultural economies, such as vineyards.

-Tourism and heritage:
Leuven’s historical buildings and university attract students and tourists, contributing to its growth.

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9
Q

Factors influencing function

A
  • Leuven: A multifunctional city, it serves as a commercial, educational, and cultural hub.
  • Overijse: A small market town with a mix of residential and agricultural functions, known for its grape production.

-Neerijse: A rural settlement focused on farming.

-Holdenburg: A hamlet with primarily agricultural functions and very limited services.

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10
Q

Factors influencing hierarchy of settlement / services

A

Population size: Larger settlements like Leuven have more people and thus support a greater variety of services.
Range of services: Specialized services like universities and hospitals are found only in larger cities.
Threshold population: Higher-order services require a larger population to be economically viable, which is only possible in cities like Leuven.
Accessibility: Leuven is well-connected by road and rail, enhancing its status as a regional center.

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11
Q

costs of Redevelopment of Newcastle’s Quayside:

A

-Criticised jobs for being too services based or managerial which local people couldn’t access.
-25% of new houses were low cost but the others were high value and priced the local people out, with rents in the area increasing. New ‘signature’ developments also forced people out of the area through compulsory purchases.

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12
Q

Benefits of redeveloping Newcastle’s Quayside:

A

-Appears a vibrant modern district.
-It’s full of bars, restaurants, club and popular cultural and business functions, which attracts visitors tourists and businesses to the city.
-Helped 2000 local people find work

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13
Q

Comprehensive Redevelopment of Newcastle’s Quayside:

A

-Led by Tyne & Wear Development Corporation.
-26 miles of derelict wasteland redeveloped e.g. Baltic Flour Mill turned into a modern art gallery, old warehouses turned into modern flats, bars and restaurants & hotels.
-New Sage Music centre & Millennium Bridge.

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14
Q

Causes of inner city decline in Molenbeek

A

Deindustrialisation = out migration, low levels of investment and a high incidence of poverty and social deprivation

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15
Q

Inner city characteristics ( Molenbeek & Schaerbeek): Croissant Pauvre

A

-High out-migration
-Empty derelict properties.
-High levels of unemployment 22-27% in Molenbeek & Schaerbeek
-Large ethnic community – N.African/Turkish
-High levels of crime
-Low quality housing
-Wasteland
-Derelict factories
-Lack of green space
-Few shops & services

Causes: Deindustrialisation & unemployment, rich moved out to the suburbs, lack of investment

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16
Q

Redevelopment of the Canal Zone

A

-Port Ninove ( redundant, toxic wasteland) - now has a new park, better transport links, & new apartments. -Local breweries renovated into art galleries & hotel. -Up-Site building, Tour & Taxi ( old warehouse) - -Shops, restaurants, hotels & offices. -Docks shopping mall & cinema..

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17
Q

Molenbeek’s cultural fight back

A

-Part of the cartoon strip walk ( attracts tourists),
-MolenGeek ( computer programming & coding classes available for start ups), -Ras El Hanout Theatre ( cultural centre),
-La Vallee ( welcomes createative minds - artists, architects ( former laundry plant).

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18
Q

Molenbeek conflicts

A

-Gentrification ( Up-Site) Rents are likely to rise as the rich move in.
-Services may change and low income households may be slowly forced out.
-Not enough social housing at Port Ninove ( only 120 compared to 250 apartments aimed at the rich).

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19
Q

Changes of Brussels RUF

A

-More housing developments ( Tervuren area),
-loss of vineyards,
-Hunting Forest threatened by ring road,
- more traffic congestion
-air pollution, more noise pollution from airport,
-house prices rise.

20
Q

Lagos, Nigeria Facts:

A

-Nigeria’s biggest city is growing at a terrifying rate. -The UN says 14 million. The Lagos government thinks i 21 million.
-By 2050 Nigeria will have x2 its population.
-50% will live in cities
- about 60% of them will be under 25, leading to natural increase.

21
Q

Why does Lagos have a high fertility?

A

Mean age of female at 1st birth =22yrs,
- use of contraception 23%, -child brides 9%,
-primary enrolement 60-70%, -cultural desire for large familes.

22
Q

What push factors exist in Nigeria?

A

-Boko Haram ( terrorist group),
-North of country suffers for droughts ( edge of Sahel),
- rural poverty,
- ethnic conflicts and clashes over land.

23
Q

Lagos pull factors:

A

-More job opportunities ( fishing, manufactoring, services).
-Better health care & education.
-More reliable electricity.
-30% of country’s GDP comes from Lagos.

24
Q

Makoko facts:

A

-Slum built on edge of Lagoon. -Built on stilts.
-Nick named ‘Venice of Africa’. -7-9 people live in each house. -15 familes have to share one communal toilet.
-Only 10% of Lagos’ population have access to water.
-Sewage seeps out under homes.

25
Q

Challenges in Lagos.

A

Slums,
-only 10% have access to water in home,
- 40% work in the informal sector doing dangerous jobs.
-GDP per capita $4,333,
-19% unemployed,
-only 7% of legal rights to land,
- malaria and low life expectancy.

26
Q

Self Help Schemes: Rocinha, Bairro Project

A

-The authorities have provided basic materials to improve peoples homes with safe electricity and sewage pipes.
-Government has demolished houses and created new estates.
-Community policing has been established, along with a tougher stance on gangs with military backed police.
-Greater investment in new road and rail network to reduce pollution and increase connections between rich and poor areas.

27
Q

Site and service Complexo de Alema

A

-Installation of a cable car to the comerical centre of
-Ipanema - inhabitants are given one free return ticket a day.
-Access to credit to allow inhabitants to buy materials to improve their home.
-100% mortgages available for people to buy their homes.
-A Pacifying Police Unit (PPU) set up, with police patrolling the community.

28
Q

Improvements Complexo de Alemao

A

*Paved roads
*Access to water supply and drainage system for improved sanitation.
*Hillsides secured to prevent landslides.
*Building of new health, leisure and education facilities

29
Q

Barra - Slum dwellers evicted

A

-Due to the Olympic development.
- Slum dwellers evicted off the land and relocated in communities on the outskirts of town.
-Lost community spirit, long way to travel into work.

30
Q

Causes of rural depopulation in Northern Nigeria

A

-Insecurity ( bandits & Boko Haram),
-Climate change & more frequent droughts,
- poor services,
-poverty,
-mechanisation ( lack of farming jobs).

31
Q

Impacts of rural depopulation in Northern Nigeria

A

-Families split apart,
-children need to work on the farm, as one parent has left.
-Old people left behind, who can’t do the physical labour.

32
Q

Solutions to rural depopulation

A

-Microfinance(small loans to businesses + individuals),
-FAO educating farmers on how to farm more sustainably.
-WB supporting people in the NE to become more resilient, investing in infrastructure.

33
Q

End of case studies, terms knowledge.

A
34
Q

1.High order settlements
2.High order

A

2.Goods or services that are bought infrequently and are expensive.

1.Settlements, usually towns or cities, which provide goods and services that are bought infrequently and that are expensive so people are willing to travel a long way to buy or use them.

35
Q

1.Low order/Convenience Goods.
2.low order settlements

A

1.Goods and services that are bought frequently and which are usually cheap.

2.Settlements, usually villages and hamlets, that provide goods and services that are bought frequently and are cheap so people are only willing to travel a short distance to buy or use them.

36
Q

1.Range
2. Sphere of Influence
3. Function
4. Threshold population

A

1.The distance people are prepared to travel to buy a good or service e.g. low order goods and services have a small range; high order goods and services have a large range.

  1. The area surrounding an activity that is influenced by it e.g. sports centre or a local park. It is also called the catchment area.
  2. The function of a settlement is its main economic activity or purpose e.g. Market town, Port, Industrial Town, Tourist Resort
  3. The minimum number of people needed before a particular good or service can be provided in an area.
37
Q

1.site
2.Settlement
3. Situation

A

1.the physical characteristics of the area.
2. Any form of permanent place of residence
3. The situation of a settlement describes the location of the settlement in relation to other neighbouring settlements and transport routes.

38
Q

1.Nucleated settlement
2.Linear settlements
3. Dispersed settlements

A

1.Settlements are made up of a cluster of buildings, usually around a central point, such as a crossroads or bridge over a river. Many have developed in lowland areas where land is fertile.
2.Settlements are long and thin ( ribbon shaped). These develop along a road or river valley or in an area where flat land is limited.
3. Farms and isolated buildings that are scattered across the countryside and surrounded by farmland. often found in upland areas.

39
Q

1.Sheltered site
2.A wet point site
3.A dry point site

A
  1. often in the lower parts of valleys - often on warmer, south facing slopes (aspect).
  2. near to a reliable source of water - beside a river, stream.
    3.Normally slightly raised to avoid flooding.
40
Q

1.Bridging point
2.nodal point

A

1.Is a shallow area along a river where bridges can be built.
2.A place at which things, such as transportation routes, converge.

41
Q
  1. Greenfield site
  2. Brownfield site
A
  1. A plot of land, often in a rural or on the edge of an urban area that has not yet been subject to any building development.
    2.Land that has been used, abandoned and now awaits some new use. Commonly found across urban areas, particularly in the inner city.
42
Q

1.CBD -Central Business District
2. Rural-urban fringe
3. enterprise zones
4. Squatter Settlement
5.inner city
6. Green Belt

A

1.The main commerical and shopping area of a town or city.
2.Where the urban area meets the rural countryside at the edge of a town or city.
3.areas to which governments try to attract private business investment by offering lower taxes and other government support
4. An area of makeshift housing that usually develops on unfavourable sites in and around an MIC or LIC city; they are also known as favelas, shanty towns or bustees.
5. the older, central part of a city with crowded neighborhoods in which usually low-income groups live.
6. Areas of land surrounding a city where any new housing or industrial development is forbidden or is severaly restricted to protect green land around the city.

43
Q
  1. Self help schemes
  2. Site and service schemes
    3.Microfinance
    2.Periférico
    3.Favelas
A

1.This is where the government provide building materials and the local residents provide the labour to build the houses.

2.Local government provides land and build new roads with electricity and water connections.
Local residents are given or sold plots of land that they can build their houses on.

  1. provision of small loans and other financial services to individuals and small businesses in developing countries.
  2. Poor quality housing with some basic services

5.Housing areas that often lack basic services, such as running water;sewage and electricity; the residents have no legal right to the land on which they live.

44
Q

1.Urbanisation
2.Rural depopulation
3.Suburbanisation
4.Rural depopulation
5.Counter-urbanisation
6. urban sprawl
7. urban Regeneration
8. Gentrification

A
  1. The process by which an increasing proportion of people live in towns and cities instead of the coutryside - this could be a result of natural increase or migration. -Lagos
  2. Rural depopulation is usually when numbers of working age people migrate from the countryside to earn more money in the city. They leave behind the old and the young. -Lagos

3.Suburbanization is a population shift from central urban areas into suburbs, resulting in the formation of urban sprawl -Brussels

4.Rural depopulation is usually when numbers of working age people migrate from the countryside to earn more money in the city. They leave behind the old and the young. -Lagos

5.When large numbers of people move from urban areas into surrounding countryside or rural areas.
-Brussels
6.The process of urban areas expanding outwards, usually in the form of suburbs, and developing over fertile agricultural land.

7.The revival of old parts of the built‐up area by either installing modern facilities in old buildings (known as renewal) or opting for redevelopment (ie demolishing existing buildings and starting afresh).-Molenbeek

  1. A process of converting an urban neighborhood from a predominantly low-income renter-occupied area to a predominantly middle-class owner-occupied area.-Molenbeek
45
Q

1.Settlement Hierarchy
2.Service hierarchy
3.conurbation

A
  1. a way of arranging settlements into a rank order based upon their population or some other criteria.

2.Settlements can be ranked according to the type of services they provide, such as health care or education.

3.an extended urban area, typically consisting of several towns merging with the suburbs of one or more cities.

46
Q

1.Mega city
2. Megalopolis

A

1.Cities with a population of over 10 million
2. a region in which several large cities and surrounding areas grow together

47
Q
  1. bid-rent curve
    2.NIMBY
    3.commuter belt
  2. Dormitory settlement
A
  1. a chart explaining land costs getting cheaper as you move away from the CBD
  2. phrase “not in my back yard”. Opposition by residents to proposed developments in their local area,
  3. A residential area within relatively easy reach of (and often surrounding) a city, where many of the residents travel to and from the city daily.
  4. People who live in these settlements, do not work in them as they travel to work in the cities and towns.

Geo Paper 1 IGCSE (5 decks)

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