Population

Question 1

Birth/death rate

Answer 1

The number of births/deaths per 1,000 of the population per year

Question 2

Natural Increase

Answer 2

The difference between birth rate and death rate in a year

Question 3

Infant/child Mortality

Answer 3

Infant mortality- The number infant deaths (under 1 year) per 1,000 per year
Child Mortality- The number of child deaths (under 5 years) per 1,000 per year

Question 4

How to compare

Answer 4

Do it is one sentence, eg( in Africa, WHEREAS, in Europe…)

Question 5

Case studies. Overpopulated/underpopulated/ High rate of population growth/ Population decline

Answer 5

Over-populated - Bangladesh
Under-Populated - Australia
High rate of population growth -Nigeria
Population decline - Japan

Question 6

Using a named country you have studied explain why is has a youthful population / explain the causes of its rapidly growing population (7)

Answer 6

NIGERIA
CAUSES:
High birth rate(Population growing 3.2% annually) (cultural preference for larger families)
50% living in cities
Total pop. could double by 2050
Limited access to family planning
more children per women (high rates of child marriage)
EFFECTS:
Overcrowding in urban areas(lack of jobs in Lagos (19% unemployment rate))
Poverty (67% malnourished)
65% of people living in slums
High crime rate
Low quality education/healthcare

Question 7

Using a place you have studied evaluate their population policy (7)
(N)

Answer 7

Nigeria’s population policy – combatting a youthful population

1. 1988 it adopted its first population strategy - cut fertility rates from 6 to 4 & establish an optimum age of 18 for women and 24 for men. Nothing has been achieved - lack of political will, government financing, the availability/affordability of services, as well as the cultural preference for large families.
2. Other reasons for failure are poverty and under investment in education and health care. Children economic assets.
3. Needs to improve education, create more jobs & improve infrastructure, which would attract big companies.

Question 8

Using a place you have studied evaluate their population policy
(7) (J)

Answer 8

Evaluating Japan’s policy – combat an ageing/shrinking population

1.Abenomics policy - incentivise women to work. Some success with the female workforce increasing from 46.6% in 2007 to 51.8% in 2019.

2. Recently relaxed their strict immigration system (98.5% of the population was born in Japan).
3. Introduced pro-natalist policies, to incentivise people to have more babies. The New Angel Plan ( 1999) and the Plus One Policy ( 2009) provided new child care facilities, to address the shortage and help women get back to work. They reduced education costs, to reduce the financial burden of raising a child and they also improved family homes, as Japan lacked affordable family size accommodation. These two policies haven’t been very successful as the fertility rate hasn’t risen.

Question 9

Using a named country you have studied explain why its population is rapidly declining ( 7)

Answer 9

Japan
Introduction
Definition –Old-age dependency ratio - The ratio of the number of elderly people (+65yrs) to those of working age (15-64yrs).
Facts – Population is shrinking –half by end of century.
36% of population are aged over 65yrs.
11th lowest fertility at 1.38
Lies at stage 5 of the DTM

3-4 main paragraphs
Causes:

1.Women careers and marrying later. Average age 1st birth 29yrs.
2. Homes expensive in Japan.
3. Lack of child care & benefits low.
4. Men stigmatized if take paternity leave.
5. Role of women – only 40% men changed nappy.
6. Not welcoming to migrants.

Question 10

Using a named country you have studied explain the consequences of an ageing population (7)

Answer 10

Japan
Introduction:
Definition –Old-age dependency ratio - The ratio of the number of elderly people (+65yrs) to those of working age (15-64yrs).
Facts – Population is shrinking –half by end of century.
36% of population are aged over 65yrs. Life expectancy 84yrs
11th lowest fertility at 1.38
Lies at stage 5 of the DTM

3-4 main paragraphs
Consequences:

Effects on economic growth – falling 0.5% per year, as elderly are claiming and not contributing.
Strain on families – may need to care for elderly family members
May cannot afford to retire – 3,500 elderly working in burger chains, oldest 84yrs.
Strain on the government – 1/3 of government budget – health care & pensions. Pressure on health care & social services. May need to increase taxes to cover costs.
Strain on care homes and health care – had to turn to robots ( take medicine to patients) and robotic dolls ( dementia patients)