Settlement dynamics

Question 1

Issues of internal migration

Answer 1

Unemployment and employment focusing on marginal sectors, instability between sectors, the instability of urbanization between regions and the obstruction in infrastructure services.

Question 2

Consequences of urban growth

Answer 2

Greater poverty, with local governments unable to provide services for all people. Concentrated energy use leads to greater air pollution with significant impact on human health. Urban development can magnify the risk of environmental hazards such as flash flooding.

Question 3

Urbanisation

Answer 3

The population shift from rural to urban areas.

Question 4

Causes of urbanisation in HICs and MICs

Answer 4

Natural population growth and rural-urban push and pull factors.

Question 5

Causes of urbanisation in LICs

Answer 5

Better healthcare/education, plentiful food as it is imported, higher wages, employment protection, government investment policies.

Question 6

Consequences of urbanisation

Answer 6

Overcrowding, squatters, lack of available work, pollution, taxes, crime and improvement strategies.

Question 7

Overcrowding

Answer 7

Rapid population rise leaves houses overcrowded, children may be abandoned, and people forced to sleep rough.

Question 8

Squatters

Answer 8

Houses built on unused land (dirty, unsafe, polluted) as no housing available.

Question 9

Lack of available work

Answer 9

Labour influx exceeds demands, so people unemployed. Many unskilled labourers cause wages to decrease – enhances poverty. Factories employ women and children to do dirty and dangerous work.

Question 10

Pollution

Answer 10

Smoke and toxic liquids directly released. Raw sewage and rubbish dumped and flows into rivers.

Question 11

Taxes

Answer 11

Councils can’t raise taxes when many are in poverty/the informal sector, so public services and infrastructure begin to suffer.

Question 12

Crime

Answer 12

Generally, increases

Question 13

Improvement strategies

Answer 13

If money is available, build high-rise housing. Self-help schemes. Site/service schemes (where services and jobs are provided).

Question 14

Counter urbanisation

Answer 14

When large numbers of people move from urban areas into surrounding countryside or rural areas.

Question 15

Re-urbanisation

Answer 15

The movement of people back into an area that has been previously abandoned.

Question 16

Competition for land

Answer 16

Reflected in land prices and property rental prices. Often competition leads to derelict sites, social classes forced into ghettos and poorer people being forced out of the inner city.

Question 17

Urban renewal

Answer 17

Can be property-led, partnership schemes or private initiatives; where the best parts of a location are kept, and adapts them to fit new uses.

Question 18

World city

Answer 18

Those that exert a dominant influence over continental and global economies and processes.

Question 19

Mega city

Answer 19

Population > 10 million, density > 2000 people per km2, can be made up of converging areas.

Question 20

Millionaire city

Answer 20

A city with 1 million people.

Question 21

Causes of growth of urbanisation

Answer 21

TNCs, communication and demographics.

Question 22

TNCs

Answer 22

(Transnational corporation) An enterprise that is involved with the international production of goods or services.

Question 23

Communication

Answer 23

Phones and the internet allow one office to provide services all around the world – global brands can be easily managed from one place.

Question 24

Demographics

Answer 24

High natural increase and ‘in-migration’ produces a large working population.

Question 25

Development of a hierarchy

Answer 25

Based on the Global Cities Index, where rankings consider 24 measures across business activity, human capital, information exchange, cultural experience, political engagement.

Question 26

Social factors affecting the location of activities within urban areas

Answer 26

Age and cultural value of buildings, land ownership, inmigration and quality of life issues.

Question 27

Economic factors affecting the location of activities within urban areas

Answer 27

Transport links, competition from other businesses, proximity to other parts of the supply chain (especially for industry) and proximity to potential employees.

Question 28

Environmental factors affecting the location of activities within urban areas

Answer 28

Air pollution and quality, water pollution, physical pollution (noise); waste management; soil quality, green spaces and open spaces, protected areas, visual quality.

Question 29

Political factors affecting the location of activities within urban areas

Answer 29

Government policy and political stability or instability.

Question 30

How urban areas change over time

Answer 30

As these rural populations grew, cities began to develop. Urban areas are defined by dense populations, the construction of multiple and often large buildings, monuments and other structures, and greater economic dependence on trade rather than agriculture or fishing.

Question 31

The CBD

Answer 31

(Central business district)

The commercial centre of an urban area.

Question 32

Changing CBD

Answer 32

Increased pedestrian zones, indoor shopping centres, environmental and safety improvements and better access, as public transport and road networks improve.

Question 33

Bird rent

Answer 33

States that different land users will compete with one another for land close to the city centre.

Question 34

Functional zonation

Answer 34

The pattern of land uses in an urban area whereby distinctive retail, office, manufacturing and residential zones can be recognised.

Question 35

Causes of residential segregation

Answer 35

Income, age and race/ethnicity.

Question 36

Income

Answer 36

High income gives people a wide choice of places to live; people can choose the best house/location they can afford (car ownership allows long commutes). Leads to gated communities. Lower income households have choice limited by house prices and access to public transport.

Question 37

Age

Answer 37

As someone ages, they need an increasingly large house. Young people buy flats, then as a small family grows, then number of bedrooms required increases. Once children move away, parents downsize to smaller properties.

Question 38

Race

Answer 38

Clustering results in ‘ethnic villages’ or ‘ghettos’. Linked to income too, as migrants typically have low income, therefore must locate close to CBD.

Question 39

Processes of residential segregation

Answer 39

Housing/market, influence of family/friends, culture, planning and finance

Question 40

Housing/market

Answer 40

Housing supply should equal demand – but doesn’t. Therefore, housing in short supply causes high property prices, and low-income people are pushed to the urban periphery.

Question 41

Influence of family/friends

Answer 41

People migrating into an urban area tend to cluster close to family or friends for comfort and support.

Question 42

Culture

Answer 42

Even if people earn enough to live in a certain area, they may choose not to if they don’t feel comfortable.

Question 43

Planning

Answer 43

Urban planners aim for a good social mix of people to avoid ghettos.

Question 44

Finance

Answer 44

If access to mortgages is good, residential segregation won’t be severe.