Migration

Question 1

Migration

Answer 1

Permanent change of residence of an individual/group of people that lasts for more than a year.

Question 2

Short term moveents

Answer 2

Last for less than 1 year; commuting, tourism, seasonal movements.

Question 3

International migration

Answer 3

When an individual or group of people cross an international border for more than 1 year.

Question 4

Internal migration

Answer 4

When people move from one place to another inside a country.

Question 5

Net migration

Answer 5

The difference between in-movements and out-movements to a region/country.

Question 6

Push factors

Answer 6

Social intolerance/civil war, government corruption, natural disaster/climate conditions, poor employment and low income, bad education and bad healthcare.

Question 7

Pull factors

Answer 7

Job prospects and high-income promise higher living standard, more entertainments, better education and healthcare and stabler government, environment and socially.

Question 8

Chain migration

Answer 8

After a few migrants leave, a chain reaction is set off, and many more follow.

Question 9

Relay migration

Answer 9

At different stages in the family life cycle, different people migrate to improve financial situation.

Question 10

Step migration

Answer 10

Rural migrant progressively steps to bigger settlements. Rural town small town small city larger city…

Question 11

Patterns of migration

Answer 11

Some famous examples include, Mexico USA, Asian countries USA, Eastern European Western Europe. LICs HICs; HICs HICs; South North.

Question 12

Constraints

Answer 12

Factors that may prevent migration. These include closing up cost, opening up cost, journey, immigration laws and physical border.

Question 13

Closing up cost

Answer 13

The cost of leaving the source. Insignificant in LICs, but in HICs; possessions, houses, and emotional costs are factors.

Question 14

Opening up cost

Answer 14

The cost of purchasing a house, legal fees, essentials to survive in the destination.

Question 15

Journey

Answer 15

May pose its own risks/costs. For HICs, there is a large cost to travel and transport. For LICs, the journey may be long walk or perilous boat/lorry ride. High risk of scam, death or highway men.

Question 16

Immigration laws

Answer 16

May encourage/discourage migration. Europe encouraged migration in 1950s to tackle labour shortage. Now UK is trying to control immigration.

Question 17

Physical border

Answer 17

US/Mexico wall inhibits migration.

Question 18

Causes of rural-urban movements

Answer 18

Poverty, low wages, hard/menial jobs, unemployment, poor amenities and services. Farming mechanisation reduces the need for jobs. Service improvement in rural cities leads to rural population growth, and more people move out to find employment. Low barriers to stop people trying.

Question 19

Source impacts of rural-urban movements

Answer 19

Remittances returned, so more money to improve rural areas. Separated families; young males move, leaving children to work and elderly uncared for. Deforestation.

Question 20

Destination impacts of rural-urban movements

Answer 20

Pressure put on housing, water supplies and services. People live in poor conditions. Informal economy created; no tax paid. More pollution and landfill sites.

Question 21

Population structure of rural-urban migration

Answer 21

Rurally; many dependents, few economically active, large child population. Urban; bulge in economically active ages, few young and elderly dependents.

Question 22

Causes of urban-rural movements

Answer 22

Pollution, crime, congestion, loneliness and racial tension. Rural areas are cleaner, more affordable, more social, and service provision (particularly education & healthcare) is much better.

Question 23

Source impacts of urban-rural movements

Answer 23

City enters a downwards spiral as only the rich can move out. City’s taxes reduced, so less money to tackle social and economic problems.

Question 24

Destination impacts of urban-rural movements

Answer 24

More money brought into the area, but negatively affects rural poor as: shops shut, services and public transport cut (increased private car ownership), more congestion, decline in community life, house prices shoot up and old traditional buildings converted to modern houses.

Question 25

Stepped migration

Answer 25

Migrants move from rural settlements to big urban cities, but complete the move in a series of steps over many years.

Question 26

Causes and impacts of urban-urban movements in middle class cycle

Answer 26

Childhood in private semi-detached house, moves into rented flat in CBD after Uni, close to job, marries; Private semi-detached house close to good school., further away from CBD but still commutable, promotion enables affluent detached house further away from CBD and retires in a large house on rural-urban fringe.

Question 27

Causes and impacts of urban-urban movements in working clas cycle

Answer 27

Childhood in rented council house, moves into industrial shared rooms after school, close to CBD, marries; Moves into rented council flat in tower, starts family and moves into bigger rented council house – ring 3 or 4 on CBD model (still close) and retires in rented council bungalow.

Question 28

Voluntary movements

Answer 28

Migrants choose to move on their own accord. Many who voluntarily move are economic migrants, moving for a job or living standards, moving HIC HIC. Increasing female movement aided by globalisation.
(Independent or dependent).

Question 29

Involuntary movements

Answer 29

Migrant has little or no choice to move or feel they must move to be safe.

Question 30

Causes of international migration

Answer 30

Population pressure, economic differences, civil war, natural disasters.

Question 31

Patterns of international migration

Answer 31

LICs HICs; HICs HICs; South North. May involve gender, distance, level of development, former colonies of a nation.

Question 32

Impacts of international migration

Answer 32

Migration increased the slum areas in cities which increase many problems such as unhygienic conditions, crime, pollution etc.