Settlement dynamics Flashcards
Gentrification
The process by which middle-class people move into, renovate, and restore housing and sometimes businesses in inner cities that were previously degrading.
Benefits of urbanisation for rural areas (3)
- Reducing rural population growth and pressure on food, water and other resources.
- Helping to limit unemployment and underemployment.
- Providing a valuable source of income through the remittances of migrants
Costs of urbanisation for rural areas (3)
- Rural depopulation and an ageing population
- Closure of services
- Insufficient labour to maintain (agricultural) production at its former levels.
Causes of rural poverty in LICs (8)
- Political instability
- Systemic discrimination
- Ill defined property rights/rights to agricultural land/natural resources
- High concentration of land ownership and asymmetrical tenancy arrangements
- Corruption
- Counter-productive economic policies
- Large and rapidly growing families
- External shocks owing to changes in the state of nature (CC) and conditions in the international economy.
Urbanisation
An increased proportion of people living in urban areas compared to rural areas
Urban growth
…
Suburbanisation
A population shift from central urban areas into the suburbs
Counterurbanisation
When people (in large numbers) move from urban to surrounding rural areas
Re-urbanisation
A process whereby towns and cities, which have generally experienced a loss in population, reverse the decline and start to experience population growth again as people migrate back into urban areas
Urban renewal
The process by which an urban area is improved and rehabilitated
World city
One that is judged to be an important nodal point in the global economic system
Urban redevelopment
Involves complete clearance of existing buildings and site infrastructure and constructing new buildings, often for a different purpose
Causes of the growth of world cities (4)
Demographic trends, economic development, cultural/social status, political importance
Burgess model describe & assumptions
Concentric zones. Assumes uniform land surface, free competition for space, universal access to a single-centred city, continuing in-migration to the city, with development taking place outward from the central core
Hoyt model describe
The sector model: CBD in the centre, high-income housing in favourable areas etc., functional zoning
Bid-rent theory
The high accessibility of land at the centre which is in short supply results in intense competition among potential land users. The prospective land use willing and able to bid the most will gain the most central location. The land use able to bid the least will be relegated to the most peripheral location.
Multiple-nulcei model
Pattern of urban land use does not develop around a single centre but around a number of discrete nuclei.
Urban density gradients
Contrasting functional zones within urban areas characteristically vary in residential population density. Examination of population density gradients shows that for most cities densities fall with increasing distance from the centre.
Factors affecting the location of urban activities (2)
Market forces, local or central government planning decisions
4 reasons for residential segregation
The operation of the housing market, planning, culture, the influence of family and friends
What does the urban mosaic model highlight in terms of residential segregation (3)
- Income - people on low incomes have very limited choice for houses and locations (as opposed to high income)
- Ethnicity
- Age - the location and type of property they live in is often affected by age and family size.
