Settlement dynamics

Question 1

Gentrification

Answer 1

The process by which middle-class people move into, renovate, and restore housing and sometimes businesses in inner cities that were previously degrading.

Question 2

Benefits of urbanisation for rural areas (3)

Answer 2

1. Reducing rural population growth and pressure on food, water and other resources.
2. Helping to limit unemployment and underemployment.
3. Providing a valuable source of income through the remittances of migrants

Question 3

Costs of urbanisation for rural areas (3)

Answer 3

1. Rural depopulation and an ageing population
2. Closure of services
3. Insufficient labour to maintain (agricultural) production at its former levels.

Question 4

Causes of rural poverty in LICs (8)

Answer 4

1. Political instability
2. Systemic discrimination
3. Ill defined property rights/rights to agricultural land/natural resources
4. High concentration of land ownership and asymmetrical tenancy arrangements
5. Corruption
6. Counter-productive economic policies
7. Large and rapidly growing families
8. External shocks owing to changes in the state of nature (CC) and conditions in the international economy.

Question 5

Urbanisation

Answer 5

An increased proportion of people living in urban areas compared to rural areas

Question 6

Urban growth

Answer 6

…

Question 7

Suburbanisation

Answer 7

A population shift from central urban areas into the suburbs

Question 8

Counterurbanisation

Answer 8

When people (in large numbers) move from urban to surrounding rural areas

Question 9

Re-urbanisation

Answer 9

A process whereby towns and cities, which have generally experienced a loss in population, reverse the decline and start to experience population growth again as people migrate back into urban areas

Question 10

Urban renewal

Answer 10

The process by which an urban area is improved and rehabilitated

Question 11

World city

Answer 11

One that is judged to be an important nodal point in the global economic system

Question 12

Urban redevelopment

Answer 12

Involves complete clearance of existing buildings and site infrastructure and constructing new buildings, often for a different purpose

Question 13

Causes of the growth of world cities (4)

Answer 13

Demographic trends, economic development, cultural/social status, political importance

Question 14

Burgess model describe & assumptions

Answer 14

Concentric zones. Assumes uniform land surface, free competition for space, universal access to a single-centred city, continuing in-migration to the city, with development taking place outward from the central core

Question 15

Hoyt model describe

Answer 15

The sector model: CBD in the centre, high-income housing in favourable areas etc., functional zoning

Question 16

Bid-rent theory

Answer 16

The high accessibility of land at the centre which is in short supply results in intense competition among potential land users. The prospective land use willing and able to bid the most will gain the most central location. The land use able to bid the least will be relegated to the most peripheral location.

Question 17

Multiple-nulcei model

Answer 17

Pattern of urban land use does not develop around a single centre but around a number of discrete nuclei.

Question 18

Urban density gradients

Answer 18

Contrasting functional zones within urban areas characteristically vary in residential population density. Examination of population density gradients shows that for most cities densities fall with increasing distance from the centre.

Question 19

Factors affecting the location of urban activities (2)

Answer 19

Market forces, local or central government planning decisions

Question 20

4 reasons for residential segregation

Answer 20

The operation of the housing market, planning, culture, the influence of family and friends

Question 21

What does the urban mosaic model highlight in terms of residential segregation (3)

Answer 21

1. Income - people on low incomes have very limited choice for houses and locations (as opposed to high income)
2. Ethnicity
3. Age - the location and type of property they live in is often affected by age and family size.