Migration

Question 1

Migration

Answer 1

Is defined as the movement of people across a specified boundary, national or international, to establish a new permanent place or residence (for longer than one year)

Question 2

Chain migration

Answer 2

When the migration of a few pioneering migrants results in the migration of many more.

Question 3

Relay migration

Answer 3

Whereby, at different stages in a family’s life cycle, different people take responsibility for migration.

Question 4

Stepped migration

Answer 4

When the rural migrant initially heads for a familiar small town and then after a period of time moves on to a larger urban settlement.

Question 5

Four main barriers to migration

Answer 5

Distance, cost, national borders, language

Question 6

Four classes of factors that influence the decision to migrate

Answer 6

1. Those associated with the place of origin
2. Those associated with the place of destination
3. Intervening obstacles that lie between the places of origin and destination.
4. A variety of personal factors

Question 7

Five recent approaches to migration *

Answer 7

The Todaro Model, Stark’s ‘new economics of migration’, Marxist/structuralist theory, structuration theory, gender analyses

Question 8

In what three ways can the cost of migration be viewed?

Answer 8

Closing up at the point of origin, the actual cost of movement itself, the cost of opening up at the point of destination.

Question 9

Depopulation

Answer 9

The substantial reduction of the population of an area

Question 10

Independent movement

Answer 10

The decision to move to a new location is made by the individual

Question 11

Dependent movement

Answer 11

The decision to move is taken collectively by the household.

Question 12

Forced migration

Answer 12

There is a lack of choice/control in migrating (for at least a year) due to factors such as endangerment to life

Question 13

Voluntary migration

Answer 13

Movement of people for more than a year by choice

Question 14

Factors influencing the regional destination of immigrants into OECD countries (3)

Answer 14

1. The extent of economic opportunities
2. The presence of family member or others of the sam ethnic origin.
3. The point of entry into the country

Question 15

OECD immigrants more likely to be… (3) (socioeconomic status)

Answer 15

1. Be unemployed compared to nationals
2. Have ‘3D’ jobs.
3. Be over represented in industries like construction, hospitality, catering and household services

Question 16

Direct benefits of remittances (3)

Answer 16

Help alleviate poverty, spur investment, cushion impact of global recession when private capital flows decrease.

Question 17

Indirect benefits of remittances (3)

Answer 17

Donations by migrants to community projects, the purchase of goods and services produced in the home country by migrants working abroad, increased foreign exchange reserves. >multiplier effect

Question 18

Diaspora

Answer 18

The dispersion of people from their original homeland

Question 19

Refugee

Answer 19

A person who has been forced to flee from his or her country because of a well-founded fear of persecution, war or violence.