Population Flashcards
(Crude) birth rate
The number of live births per thousand of the population in a given year
(Crude) death rate
The number of deaths per thousand of the population in a given year
Infant mortality rate
Number of children per thousand that die before the age of one per year
Fertility rate
Number of children born to a woman if she was to live to the end of her child bearing years and bore children to the end
Dependency ratio
The ratio of the number of people under 15 and over 64 to those between 15 and 64 years of age
Sex ratio
The number of meals per 100 females in a population
Criticisms of the demographic transition model (3)
- Too Eurocentric - many LICs may not follow the sequence set out in the model. 2. Does not account for migration. 3. Assumes all countries will eventually pass through all the stages - is the socio-economic change experience by HICs a prerequisite or a consequence of demographic transition.
Important differences between HICs and LICs going through the DTM (4)
- BR in African countries higher in stage 1 and 2 / generally larger populations
- Death rate has not fallen as quickly for later developers as diseases like AIDS have been prevalent.
- For those countries in stage 3, the fall in fertility has been cheaper due to the greater availability and reliability of contraception.
- There has been a much more subtle relationship between population change and economic development.
Problems (3) and benefits (3) of an ageing population
Pressure on healthcare systems, public pensions and government budgets in general.
Looking after grandchildren, volunteering/charity work, spending (grey pound)
Problems/benefits (2) of a youthful population
Require lots of resources / will provide care for elderly family members & provide a large workforce in the future
What four variables does HDI contain?
- Life expectancy at birth. 2. Mean years of schooling for adults aged 25 years. 3. Expected years of schooling for children of school-entering age. 4. GNI per person (PPP)
Food security + what is the issue
When all people at all times have access to sufficient, safe, nutritious food to maintain a healthy and active life.
The total amount of food produced around the world today is enough to provide everyone with a healthy diet. The problem is that while some countries produce a food surplus or have enough money to buy it elsewhere, other countries are in food deficit and lack the financial resources to buy enough food abroad.
Three main strands of food security
Food availability, food access, food use.
Physical factors that contribute to food shortages (6)
Soil exhaustion, drought, floods, tropical cyclones, pests, disease.
Economic and political factors that contribute to food shortages (4)
Low capital investment, rapidly rising population, poor distribution, conflict situations.
