Settlement dynamics Flashcards
fUsing an example, what is are the negative economic impacts of rural-urban migration?
-Public and private services have closed as population declines. This will lead to a decrease in the quality of life for people living in rural areas.
-Rural communities often now have an ageing population as younger residents have left to move to the cities. For example, according to the Japanese government, the movement of young people combined with Japan’s long life expectancy has led to 37% of those living in depopulated areas to be over the age of 65.
What are rural areas?
Rural areas are dynamic spatial entities. They constantly change in range of economic, social, political and environmental factors. The UK reflects many of the changes occurring in rural areas in other HICs.
How have the economies of rural areas changed in the UK?
-The economy of rural areas is no longer dominated by farmers and landowners. As agricultural jobs have been lost, new employers have actively sought to locate in the countryside. Manufacturing, high technology and the tertiary sector have led this trend.
How is employment in rural areas difference to urban areas in the UK?
In recent decades. employment has been growing faster in rural areas than in urban areas.
How have land uses in rural areas changed in the UK?
Rural space is being used for recreation, tourism and environmental conservation.
What is a good sentence that summarises the changes in the UK’s rural landscape?
The rural landscape has evolved into a complex multiple-use resource and as this has happened the rural population has changed in character.
(This links with how economic change has fuelled social change).
How has economic change fuelled social change in the countryside?
To quote Brian Ilbery, a leading authority on rural geography, ‘The countryside has been repopulated, especially by middle-class groups…who took advantage of relatively cheap housing in the 1960s and 1970s to colonize the countryside.’
Once middle-class groups are significant in number, the affluent newcomers exert a strong influence over the social and physical nature of rural space. For example, gentrification has occurred.
What has worsened the rise in house prices in rural areas in Rural England?
In Rural England, there has been an increase in owner-occupation and a low level of new housing development. This has caused a rise in house prices and greater social exclusivity.
Using statistics, how has agriculture changed in the UK?
-Although agricultural land forms around 70% of total land areas in the UK, according to the World Bank in 2022 only 1.005% the total workforce are now employed in agriculture in the UK.
What problems are farmers facing today in the UK?
Farmers are struggling with costs, low supermarket prices and a new post-Brexit farm payments scheme that many say has focused on environmental policy over food productivity.
Explain rural depopulation?
-Unmarried young adults migrate to regional centres for better socio-economic opportunities.
-Population decreases, ages and births fall below replacement level.
-Reduction in business services due to falling demand. Also, key social service provision (e.g. education, healthcare) cut.
-The loss of services induced out-migration of young families and ensure that in-migration is minimal.
-Therefore, leading to an ageing population and thus a disintegration of a balanced community.
How are services important for a community?
Service are the basis for any community, creating and enhancing a feeling of belonging (sense of place) and a sustainable future for the area.
Using Statistics, how have rural services declined in the UK?
-A major report published in 2008 revealed that nearly half of communities have seen the loss of key local services in the previous four years. The Oxford University study warned that poorer people in the countryside ‘form a forgotten city of disadvantage’.
According to ACRE (Action with Communities in Rural England), how does the arrival of supermarkets cause a decline in rural services?
-The arrival of supermarkets in local areas, making local services no longer competitive.
According to ACRE, how do changing patterns of rural populations cause a decline in rural services?
-There has been a changing pattern of rural population. There are more mobile residents with different shopping and consumer patterns becoming a greater part of the rural pattern of life.
What impact does the increased utility of car ownership have on rural areas?
-Increase in the utility of car ownership has lead to a rise in car ownership. This means that there are fewer bus and rail passengers so there is a reduction in use of the service. This leads to poorer quality-public transport due to reduced demand.
What impact poor-quality transport services have on rural areas?
This considerably increases the isolation of the poor, elderly and young people who live in rural areas. The lack of public transport puts intense pressure on low-income households to own a car, a large additional expense they could do without. Recent increases in fuel prices due to global issues such as Covid-19 and the Russia-Ukraine war have exacerbated this problem.
What does a lack of affordable housing in village communities result in?
A lack of affordable housing in village communities has resulted in a large number of young people having to move to market towns or larger urban centres.
What is one advantage of people moving in to a rural area?
(EO)
-Brings new employment opportunities to areas previously dependent upon contracting agricultural economy. For example, there may be growth in the tertiary sector (e.g. Financial Services, Healthcare). This can lead to the area spreading its economic activities over multiple sectors (economic diversification). Therefore, allowing the area to benefit from more sustainable economic growth as it is not solely dependent on the performance of one industry.
What is one advantage of people moving in to a new area?
(finances)
-The finances of the local community are likely to be increased through property tax (more people are living in the area). This means that local authorities can invest more into improving the quality of important sectors such as healthcare and education.
What is one advantage of people moving in to a new area?
(R)
-The areas may benefit from regeneration and redevelopment. Revitalising neglected areas can enhance social cohesion by providing spaces for community interaction and engagement. Regeneration projects often include development of parks, community centres, and cultural facilities. Therefore, fostering a sense of place amongst residents.
What is one disadvantage of people moving in to a new area?
(housing and transport)
-More people moving into an areas will increase demand for housing and public transport. This may require installations of costs sewerage schemes, extension of water and electricity, and more frequent maintenance of public transport. The cost of this is likely to be transferred onto residents through increased taxation, with low-income households being most affected.
(Link with gentrification/increased housing prices).
Explain bid-rent theory.
The high accessibility of land at the centre, which is in short supply, results in intense competition among potential land users. The prospective land use willing and able to bid the most will gain the most central location. The land use able to bid the least will be relegated to the most peripheral location.
What did C.D. Harris and E. Ullman (1945) argue?
C.D. Harris and E. Ullman argued that the pattern of urban land uses does not develop around a single centre but around a number of discrete nuclei.
What was griffin and Ford’s model?
Griffin and Ford’s model summarises many of the characteristics that are noted in modern Latin American cities.
