Population Xtras Flashcards

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1
Q

Define fertility rate

A

The number of live births per 1000 women aged 15-49 in a given year.

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2
Q

How does infant mortality rate influence fertility?

(Factors affecting fertility)

A

Where infant mortality rate is high, it is usual for many children to die before reaching adult life. In such societies, parents often many children to ensure that some survive.

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3
Q

How can social/cultural factors influence fertility?

(Factors affecting fertility)

A

In some societies, particularly in Africa, tradition demands high rates of reproduction. Here, the opinion of women in the reproductive years may have little influence weighed against intense cultural expectations.

Religion is also an important factor. For example, Muslim and Roman Catholic religions oppose artificial birth control.

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4
Q

How can economic factors influence fertility?

A

In many LICs, children are seen as an economic asset because of the work they do and also because the support their they are expected to give their parents in old age.

In HICs, the general perception is reversed and the cost of the child-dependency years is a major factor in the decision to begin or extend a family. For example, The Child Poverty Action Group estimated that the cost of raising a child in the UK until the age of 18 in 2022 is £150 000 for couples and over £200,000 for single parents

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5
Q

Using an example, explain how economic factors can cause food shortages.

A

Since the Taliban regained control of Afghanistan, international donors have suspended humanitarian funding and have frozen billions of dollars in assets. This has led to soaring food prices, thereby increasing hunger. Therefore, the death rate is likely to increase (due to starvation).

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6
Q

Using an example, explain the issue of having a high youthful population.

A

With the number of children increasing by 750,000 per year, the state is burdened with much higher demands for investments and health services, that are in limited a supply and of generally low quality. (e.g. Only around 50% of children receive a complete set of vaccinations, 44% of under-fives are stunted, and over 33% are underweight.

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7
Q

Using an example, example the issue of having a high elderly population.

A

In 2022, birth rate in the UK dropped to the lowest level in two decades with 605,479 live births.

With an ageing population ageing population that needs caring for, the burden on the working population is heavier than ever.

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8
Q

What is the political/social impact of an ageing population.

A

With more voters passing the retirement age, its is less likely they will vote for parties promising to reduce their benefits, especially after they have spent their career opportunities contributing to the economy. In turn, this makes the economy less appealing for the economically active, which in turn makes it harder for them to have children

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9
Q

Explain how economic growth reduces fertility.

A

Economic growth allows greater spending on health, housing, nutrition and education, which is important in lowering mortality and in turn reducing fertility.

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10
Q

Explain how political factor effect fertility.

A

During the late 1930s, Germany, Italy and Japan all offered inducements and concessions to those with larger families.

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11
Q

Define sex ratio

A

The sex ratio is the number of males per 100 females in a population.

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12
Q

What are the issues of the DTM?

A

-Critics of the DTM model see it as too Eurocentric as it was based on the experience of Western Europe. It is therefore not necessarily relevant to the experience of other countries.

-It does not take into account migration.

-LICs may not follow the sequence set out in the model.

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13
Q

What is the difference in birth rates between the HICs and LICs in the DTM.

(differences between population change in LICs and HICs).

A

In LICs, birth rates in stages 1 and 2 were generally higher. About a dozen of African countries currently have birth rates of 45/1000 or over.

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14
Q

In the DTM, the death rate fell much more steeply in LICs compared to HICs, why is this?

(differences between population change in LICs and HICs).

A

In LICs, the rapid introduction of Western medicine, particularly in the form of inoculation against major diseases, had had a huge impact in reducing mortality.

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15
Q

What is the difference in growth between HICs and LICs in stage 2 and early stage 3 of the DTM?

(differences between population change in LICs and HICs).

A

Some countries has much larger base populations and thus the impact of high growth in stage 2 and the early part of stage 3 had been much greater.

No countries that are now classed as HICs had populations anywhere near the size of India and China when they entered stage 2 of the DTM.

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16
Q

What is the difference between the fall in fertility between HICs and LICs in stage 3 of the DTM?

(differences between population change in LICs and HICs).

A

For LICs in stage 3, the fall in fertility has also been steeper. The has been mainly due to the widespread availability of modern contraception with high levels of reliability.

17
Q

Define ageing population

A

The rise in the median age of a population. It occurs when fertility declines while life expectancy remains constant or increases.

18
Q

What are the positive aspects of an ageing population.

A

Many older people make a big contribution to childcare by looking after their grandchildren. Large number of older people work as volunteers, for example in charity shops.

19
Q

What are some examples you can use in an ageing population question.

A

-33% of Japan’s population is over the age of 60.

-Japan’s workforce peaked at 67.9 million in 1998 and has been in decline since.

This presents an increasing burden economic burden on the existing workforce.

20
Q

What is a chain of analysis for the advantage of a youthful population.

A

As a large young population moves up the population ladder over time, it will provide a large working population when it enters the economically active age group (15-64). This will be an advantage if a country can attract sufficient investment to create enough jobs for a large working population. Then, the large working population will contribute a lot of money in taxes to the country, which can be invested in many different ways to improve the quality of life and attract investment.

Such a a situation can create an upward spiral of economic growth.

21
Q

What is a rebuttal for the for advantage of a youthful population?

A

On the other hand, if there are few employment opportunities for a large working population, the unemployment rate will be high. The government and most individuals will have little money to spend and the quality of life will be low. Therefore, many young adults may seek to emigrate because of a lack of opportunities in their own country.

22
Q

What are the physical reasons for the differences in development between countries?

A

Landlocked countries have generally developed more slowly than coastal ones.

Tropical countries have grown more slowly than those in temperate latitudes, reflecting the cost of poor health and unproductive farming in the former.