Settlement Dynamic

Question 1

Key information Isle of pUrbeck

Answer 1

Forms the south eastern part of the purbeck District in Dorset. Coastal to south and East

Question 2

Service Decline in the Isle of purbeck

Answer 2

38 post offices shut in dorset between 1991 and 2001.
6 surgeries opened in dorset between 1991 and 2001.
Corfe Castle has best service provision due to tourism from castle…
- CC has 13 shops, 4 pubs and a gp compared to no shops or gp and 2 pubs in Langton Matravers, despite similar sized populations.

Question 3

Population Change in Isle of purbeck

Answer 3

older population than UK averge. In 2001 BR =10.1 and DR = 11.9. Popular as retirement destination.

Question 4

Transport decline in Isle of Purbeck

Answer 4

only 4 bus routes. A stop at Wareham on the waterloo to weymouth line.
Line between wareham and swanage cut in 1972.

Solutions: Purbeck community action plan. Swanage rainy way trust to restore wareham to swanage line.

Question 5

Rapid urbanisation fact

Answer 5

18th century Londons population = 1million. 19th century population = 6.3 million

Question 6

Counter urbanisation fact

Answer 6

by 1980 london had lost 1/4 of its inhabitants

Question 7

Reurbanisation fact

Answer 7

2001-2011 Londons population grew by 12%.

Question 8

Urban areas fact

Answer 8

1/2 of humanity live in 4% of arable land

Question 9

Nine elms renewal

Answer 9

Riverlight accomodation = 800 homes. BUT 2 bed flat costs £1,400,000.
Linear Park = 12 acres of green corridor from east to west. Cycle route.
New Thames Bridge = pedestrians dn cycle bridge connecting to pimlico.
Nine Elms station: less than 15minutes to city centre. Should triple number of jobs created in nine elms.
ONLY 2500 council homes.

Question 10

Development of TNCs

Answer 10

in 1969 there were 7,000 TNCs. In 2016 there were 82,000 TNCs. Whose subsidiaries and foreign affiliates are responsible for 33% of world exports

Question 11

Communications revolution

Answer 11

over the last 25 years sea transport unit costs have fallen by 70%, air fright costs have fallen by 3-4% year on year.

Question 12

World Cities

Answer 12

Alpha ++ = London and New York

Hong Kong is consistently 3rd

Question 13

Why improve Londons Road Network

Answer 13

Need to provide/improve road infrastructure to manage the increasing growth of London’s population, reduce congestion and improve safety.
By 2030 an extra 5mn road journeys will take place every day.

an average driver spending 96 hours stuck in traffic in 2015.

Question 14

Improving Londons Road Network

Answer 14

£4bn invested in road modernisation across London in 2015;
35 junction improvement schemes
17 major road schemes

TFL and Mayor published Safe Streets for London in 2013;
Aims to reduce the number of people killed/seriously injured on roads by 50% by 2023.
Funding for road safety schemes, campaigning for changes in national/eu law to make roads, vehicles and drivers safer.
This has so far been successful with the previous target of 40% decrease met in 2018.

Average speed of vehicles in central london was 8.3mph in 2015. It was 8.8mph in 2002. Hence no improvement.

Question 15

Improving Londons Tube Network

Answer 15

Improve public transport infrastructure to make travelling, cheaper, easier and more efficient.
Tube has 4.8mn passengers daily. 27o stations, 11 lines.
Oyster cards were introduced in 2003 to make travelling more efficient as they are contactless, pay as you go cards.

Improving tube network:
Night tube; provides night-time services to travellers on Friday and Saturday nights on the Central, Jubilee, Northern, Piccadilly, and Victoria lines,Since 2016.
Night tube has wider positive impact of opening up London’s night-time economy, supporting almost 2,000 permanent jobs and boosting the economy by £360m.

80% of all journeys on London’s public transport take place using an oyster card.

Night tube cuts average night-time journeys 20 minutes. Popular - 8mn journeys made in 2016.

But Night tube scheduled to launch in 2015, but delayed due to strike action over pay for night drivers:
RMT union, TSSA and Unite took part on a 24 hour strike on 8th July 2015,
Estimated to cost london £300mn
and three other 24 hour strikes in august..

Question 16

Providing Bike infrastructure to London

Answer 16

Reduce pollution, reduce congestion, more reliable journeys.
12 cycle superhighways announced in 2008,these are route that separates cyclists from other road users
but only 7 operational by 2016. But 60% increase in cycling since highway constructions.

Boris Bikes launched in July 2010 based on scheme in Paris;(but this lost 90% of its bikes in the first year) It was estimated that two-thirds of the journeys that could be made by bicycle were made by car.
785 docking stations, £2 for 24 hours hence affordable. Serco is contracted to distribute bikes.

London is failing to meet Eu and WHO guidelines on NO2 and PM concentrations. E.g average conc of NO2 on oxford street is 4x EU limits.
Introduction of Boris Bikes saw a 400% increase in cycling in the capital within the first year.
43mn journeys made in first five years. Average of 24, 000 hires daily.

early examples achieved this sketchily, with strips of blue paint that acted more as ignorable suggestions than actual barriers to trucks and cars
Cycle superhighways only on 3% of london’s roads
Mayor of london has limited means to enforce superhighways hence there is a highway-free void in the middle of the capital in kensington and chelsea borough.

Question 17

Solution to challenge of poor quality slum housing

Answer 17

Home Improvement Scheme in Mexico City. Since 2001 the Federal District Government Provide credits for home improvements supplied to those earning 3x less than the minimum wage.
Positives: 15,404 home improvement credits supplied since 2001
Negatives: repayment of loans can cause future debt of up to $3,700.

Question 18

Solution to High crime rates and lack of services.

Answer 18

Biogas fuelled streetlamp:
enerated from recycled plastic in landfill site. Estimated to reduce 1 million tons greenhouse gases in 1 year, particularly methane (x72 more polluting than CO2) Cost $2 billion.

Question 19

Solution to lack of tenure

Answer 19

Tenure regularisation: Commission for the Regularisation of Land Tenure. Secure land encourages willingness to maintain it Often accompanied with credit package for improvements. Secured tenure for 2.5million households. But estimated 7.5million more insecure plots across the city.

Question 20

Solution to waste

Answer 20

Trading recyclable waste for food: Mercado del Trueque. Slum residents exchange recyclable material in return for food vouchers. 3000 families recycle 11 tons of rubbish on its opening day in 2013. Food costs couldn’t be covered by city. So began accepting waste electronics for repair and sale. Fairly small scale.

Question 21

problem of waste in slums

Answer 21

Mexico city creates 12,000 tonnes of waste a day. Built difficult to collect in plus due to lack of infrastructure and shear volume.

Question 22

Problem of crime in slums

Answer 22

Mexico City has an average of 480 reported crimes each day, but the actual figure is though to be much higher since most people are reluctant to report crime.

Question 23

Problem of overcrowding in slums

Answer 23

Neza Chalco Itza is the worlds largest slum with 4million inhabitants.
50% of all housing in Mexico is slum housing/ colonies Populares