migration Flashcards
barriers examples
Hukou system in China; permission was needed for a person of rural status to move to an urban area.
Berlin Wall was a physical barrier preventing east germans crossing into west germany
International migration facts
in 2013 there were 23million migrants living outside their country of birth.
In 2015, 67% of all international migrants were living in 20 countries
Causes of migration from syria to lebanon
20% unemployment, dictatorship, conflict, fleeing from conscription, destruction of communities.
Barriers of migration from syria to lebanon
syrian government banned all military aged men from leaving. Lebanon only grants limited legal status which most refugees can only afford for 6 months
Impact of migration of syria
6.5million people displaced within syria in 2014.
Impact of migration on lebanon
60% of refugees are in northern regions which are the poorest regions in Lebanon. GDP growth rate fell from 8.5% to 1.4% in 2014.
Scale and pattern of Mexico to USA
2012 = 33million mexicans in the USA. (BUT 22mn born in the USA)
Higest concentrations in California, Arizona, New Mexico and texas
Character of Mexico to USA migration
85% of immigrants are 18-64 (working age). Majority are 18-44.
Push factors of Mexico to USA
High Crime Rates:
homicide rates of 14/100,000 compared to 10/100000 as world average.
50, 000 people killed in the last five years due to drug related crimes.
Migration due to safety concerns for self and family.
High Unemployment and Poverty:
5.55 unemployment rate.
47% live under poverty live. Many are farmers living in areas with extreme temperatures, poor soil quality and frequent natural disasters.
Migration in search of better prospects, higher wages, better job opportunities.
Climate and natural hazards:
Volcanoes, earthquakes and droughts = migration due to safety concerns or destruction of livelihood.
Pull Factors of Mexico to USA
Higher quality of life in the USA:
good healthcare and education
better access to services and infrastructure. e.g 6% of mexicans lack access to improved drinking water.
Migrate for better standard of living
Existing migrant communities:
18mn mexicans living in Texas and California
Migrate ot be with family, less culture shock…
Better education:
86% of mexicans are literate vs 99% of americans
Migration due to better academic opportunities for themselves but mainly for their children, hence able to gain better jobs.
Barriers to Mexico to USA migration
Cost of moving
Immigration laws:
Especially Trump’s anti immigration rhetoric and the WALL
Positive impacts on Mexico
Outmigration = decreased pressure on resources
Decreased unemployment
High value of remittances. $22bn in 2013. 2% of Mexican GDP.
Negative impacts on Mexico
Increasing dependency ratio as young migrate. E.g Santa Ines have lost ⅔ of its inhabitants.
Brain drain = slows economic growth
Positive Impacts on USA
Improved culture e.g mexican food , music and language. Spanish is second most widely spoken in USA. 93% of High Schools offered spanish classes.
Immigrants contribute to 4% of total US GDP
Migrants tend to take low paying jobs which natives do not want
negative impacts on USA
Migrants dampen down wages = increased poverty and unemployment = social tension.
Fears of increased crime rates due to mexican association with drug trafficking and homicides.
Remittances bad for US economy
