Population Flashcards
Life expectancy of uk man born in 1981
84
Life expectancy of uk man born in 2015
89
Average age for uk woman to have first child in 1995
26.2
Average age for uk woman to have first child in 2009
27.5
Cost of elderly healthcare in uk….
1/7th of public expenditure spent on over 65s. NHS spend £5200 on retired households vs £2800 on non retired homes
Sustainability of Pension Schemes
A survey in 2009 of 1000 bluechip companies found that 96% believe their final salary schemes were unsustainable
State pension age
state pension age increasing from 65 to 68 between 2024 and 2048
uk increasing immigration
The uk had an open door policy from 2004 and encouraged easter european countries to join the Eu to increase immigration
TFR of niger
6.49. Highest in the world.
High BR in Niger due to…
- local islamic groups discouraging contraception use
- Only 16% use contraception; and mainly to space pregnancies out not prevent them
- only 1/1000 women want to have at most 2 kids
median marriage age is 15.5
6th highest infant mortality rate in the world
Problems of youthful population in Niger
- strain on services: in 2000 there were only 226 doctors serving 10.7million people
- average of just 5 years schooling.
- strain on natural resources: only 12% of niger is arable. 44% of children suffer fro chronic malnutrition.
solutions of nIger youthful population
increasing marriage age by 5 years would reduce population growth by 20%
only 42% of demand for contraception is met
Country in stage 1 of DTM
remote groups in amazon rainforest…
Country in stage 2 of DTM
kenya, Egypt, India
Country in stage 3 of DTM
Brazil
Country in stage 4 of DTM
Uk, Japan, France, USA
Country in stage 5 of DTM
Germany, russia
Drought in California
2016 California entered 5th straight year of the worst drought on record:
- increase in water prices 10x
- decline in agriculture costing $1.5bn in lost production
- BUT not too sever due to USA wealth. Import majority of food and crops being grown were mainly cash crops = no food shortages.
Drought in Horn of Africa and food insecurity
2011 drought in semi arid peninsula in NE africa.
- PPT rates less than 30% the average
- crop failure and livestock deaths between 40-60% in some areas
- increase in food prices. peaks of 240% in Somalia
- helped contribute to the death of 260,000 people in somalia alone.
Military conflict Ethiopia and food insecurity
drought hit in 1983, but famine already underway due to 2 decades of civil war.
- 300% increase in grain prices
- 8million suffered from famine
- 1million died (arguably many war deaths)
- international aid e.g band aid = 6million dependent on aid
evidence in 2010 showed millions of dollars of aid was spent buying weapons by a group trying to overthrown the government
population growth and food insecurity
worlds population set to reach 9.7 billion by 2050
Nigers population increased from 2.5million in 1950 to 15million in 2010. This means during the 2005 to 2006 food crisis up to 80% of the victims could have due to rapid population growth
Sahel (belt that sits below the sahara) has a 2.97% rate of natural increase. Population set to reach 200million by 2050. Direct problem as sahel is prone to unreliable rainfall.
By 2025 some estimate that africa will only produce 1/4 of the food needed to feed its population
Selective breeding of animals
e.g belgian blue cows; bred for double muscle. But caesarean sections must be done during birth, as cows are too large to be born naturally.
GM crops
India, BT Cotton; increased yields by 1/4 raising small holders profits by 50%. The crop is resistant to pests and produces greater yields. Also no pesticides used therefore decrease water pollution and pesticide poisoning.
South Africa, 2009 GM corn failed to produce seeds resulting in 280 farmers suffering from extensive crop failure.
Hydroponics
Zero Carbon Foods under Clapham High street supplies herbs to london.
Uses 70% less water than traditional farming.
Surface and subsurface irrigation
Subsurface irrigation used in Arizona for 25 years producing water savings of 25-50% compared to traditional farming.
Overpopulation expample
Nigeria 182 million people. almost 100million living on less than £1.00 a day.
Underpopulation example
Australia. population of 23million, but is a similar tie to USA which has a population of 320million people. Average income of $51,000 compared to $28,000 in USA.
TFR of singapore in 1965
6.31
TFR of singapore in 1985
1.69
TRF of singapore in 2000
1.57
Singapore anti natal policy
‘Stop at two’ 1966-1984
aims: reduce BR and alter achieve zero population growth
policies: legalisation of abortion, contraception and sterilisation. Less tax breaks for couples with more than 2 children. ‘Cultural shift’ more women pursuing further education and careers.
+ve: significantly reduced Br within 15years
-ve: BR fell below replacement level = problems with aging population
Br fell from 6.31 in 1965 to 1.69 in 1985
Singapore pro natal - graduate mothers scheme
‘graduate mothers scheme’ 1984
aims: promote marriage and higher BR among university graduates.
policies: sterilisation encouraged for lower income/educated couples. Favouring children of university graduated for primary school places.
- ve: scrapped after less than a year, due to social inequality and fact that scheme would not have worked.
‘graduate mothers scheme’ 1984
$10,000 for under 30 mothers who sterilise after 1st or 2nd child but have no O’Levels or earn less than $1,500
TFR remained below replacement level at 1.
Singapore pro natal - have three of more if you can afford it
l: ‘Have three or more if you can afford it’ 1987-2000
aims: return TFR back to 2.1 to increase population size and combat issues of aging population.
Policies: compulsory pre sterilisation and abortion counselling for couples with less than three children. MEDISAVE to pay for delivery charges of first three children.
-ve: TFR continued to fall.
‘Have three or more if you can afford it’ 1987-2000
$3,000 to grandparents for caring for grandchildren.
TFR fell to 1.57 in 2000
Singapore immigration
aims: increase productivity and quality in the workforce. Increase population size, due to immigration and the fact young immigrants have a high BR.
policies: housing is subsidized for immigrants. Education packages for immigrants and their children.
+ve increased population size
-ve: TFR is still below replacement level and population growth will be negative.
Population size increased four 2.7million in 1987 to 4 million in 2000.
Net migration is 5th highest in the world at 13.1 per 1000 people.
2050 population growth rates will be at -o.o1%
