Settlement Change

Question 1

What is a settlement?

Answer 1

a place where people live

Question 2

What does ‘site’ mean?

Answer 2

the actual land upon which a settlement is built. physical factors where most important in the initial choice of a site

Question 3

What does ‘situation’ mean?

Answer 3

the location of a settlement relative to its surroundings, described in relation to other settlements, rivers, relief features, transport lines etc.

Question 4

What are the different functions of a settlement?

Answer 4

residential 
administrative 
industrial
market towns
strategic
tourism
other function- religious/cultural or ports

Question 5

What is a residential settlement?

Answer 5

the main function is to provide a place for people to live, few services often commuter towns

Question 6

What is an administrative settlement?

Answer 6

focus on running/governing the local area, often a capital city or county town

Question 7

What is an industrial settlement?

Answer 7

goods are manufactured in factories, a large proportion of people work in the same industry

Question 8

What is a market town settlement?

Answer 8

centres for trading goods and services, need to be accessible eg. river crossings or cross roads

Question 9

What is a strategic settlement?

Answer 9

historically provided protection from attack, often on hill tops or insider meander bends. sometimes defensive sites

Question 10

What is a tourism settlement?

Answer 10

some settlements have facilities that attract other people to visit the area. many coastal settlements change from fishing villages to holiday resorts. rely on people to visit

Question 11

What are the three settlement shapes?

Answer 11

nucleated, linear and dispersed

Question 12

An example of a settlement changing over time

Answer 12

Benidorm-Spain

• developed as defensive function on a hill
• then a fishing port as it was on coast
• agriculture became important when water was transported from inland (for citrus fruits and olives)
• became an tourist destination after roads were built in the area (road to Alicante-19th century)

Question 13

What is counter-urbanisation?

Answer 13

the movement of people beyond the city area to rural locations or smaller towns

Question 14

What are some push factors?

Answer 14

traffic congestion
pollution
fear of crime

Question 15

What are some pull factors?

Answer 15

rural dream (pleasant surroundings, quiet, etc.)
housing developers encouraging outwards movement
better schools/education

Question 16

What factors help counter-urbanisation?

Answer 16

• road/travel improvements (easier commuting)
• telephone/skype growth (still feel connected)
• decline of industry and loss of jobs in urban areas
• technological change (‘electronic commuting’ working from home whilst living in rural areas)

Question 17

Negative consequences of counter-urbanisation

Answer 17

• house prices increase
• local resentment
• lack of appreciation for tradition/customs (community spirit)
• dormitory villages (quiet in daytime)
• increase in pollution, accidents and congestion

Question 18

Positive consequences of counter-urbanisation

Answer 18

• improvement in services -gas mains, TV cables, schools
• supports local facilities eg. pubs, shops
• houses and buildings improved

Question 19

Explain an example of counter-urbanisation

Answer 19

Flintshire (county in northeast wales. it borders Cheshire)

• easy access to Chester, Liverpool and Manchester
• access to work in large cities
• live in rural areas but quick easy access to major towns
• house prices have increased
• young people cannot afford houses anymore
• less public transport(problem for those without cars)
• video conferencing means people are not tied to urban areas

Question 20

An example of depopulation

Answer 20

western isles

• sense of remoteness
• harsh physical conditions
• limited jobs and wages
• often young adults leave for university and do not return as there are few good jobs
• services close down and the cost of public utilities increases

Question 21

What island does not follow the depopulation trend?

Answer 21

Skye

Question 22

Why is the population on Skye not decreasing?

Answer 22

• lies close to the mainland
• bridge built in 1995 connected mainland and good ferry links
• no tolls on the bridge
• some islanders don’t like new arrivals as they are taking jobs and housing

Question 23

Why is land use changing in urban areas?

Answer 23

increased demand for housing

deindustrialisation

Question 24

Why is there an increased demand for housing?

Answer 24

population is growing
more people migrating to the UK
people are living on their own for longer
longer life expectancy

Question 25

Explain the effect of deindustrialisation

Answer 25

as the manufacturing industry has moved away from the UK, there has been a major shift in employment

Question 26

What is a brownfield site?

Answer 26

a piece of land that has been used and may have been abandoned and is awaiting some new use

Question 27

What is a greenfield site?

Answer 27

a piece of land that has not been built on befor, frequently found in rural areas, but it is now being considered for development

Question 28

What is urban sprawl?

Answer 28

the unplanned, uncontrolled spreading of urban development into areas adjoining the edge of a city

Question 29

Why build on a greenfield site?

Answer 29

``` population growth cities provide job opportunities, easy access to cities easy to build on free from traffic congestion cheaper to build on, cheaper houses ```

Question 30

What are the two ways of building on a brownfield site?

Answer 30

redevelopment - buildings knocked down new ones built | renewal - old building converted to new use

Question 31

Example of brownfield development

Answer 31

Coed Darcy-south wales previously an oil refinery 1000 acres of brownfield site (hard to find this much land) a lot of houses close together were built(4000 homes) shops within 5 minutes walk mixture of private and social housing

Question 32

advantages of greenfield sites

Answer 32

relatively cheaper, easier to build houses faster | healthier enviroment

Question 33

disadvantages of greenfield sites

Answer 33

valuable farmland/scenery lost wildlife and habitats destroyed/disturbed causes noise and light pollution may not have access to good/modern roads

Question 34

advantages of brownfield sites

Answer 34

reduces loss of countryside helps to revive old and disused urban areas services already in place located near to main areas

Question 35

disadvantages of brownfield sites

Answer 35

often more expensive (old buildings cleared,etc.) surrounded by rundown areas-not appealing higher pollution levels

Question 36

Explain suburban sprawl

Answer 36

``` wasteful use of greenfield sites vast areas of low-density housing high car dependence a uniformity of layout,architecture and class shorter journeys for workers ```

Question 37

Explain eco towns

Answer 37

towns will be environmentally friendly(low carbon emissions, etc.) largely car free mostly brownfield sites however, could become commuter dormitories

Question 38

Explain gated communities

Answer 38

located in central and inner parts of towns/cities a group of houses shut away in a high security compound entry is restricted a safe environment- good for families may separate the rich from poor can become targets for crime

Question 39

Explain suburban intensification

Answer 39

building on vacant plots and public open spaces 'garden grabbing'-selling off part of garden as building plot a loophole in law classifies gardens as brownfield sites since government prefers building on brownfield there is little to stop this process of cramming in new housing

Question 40

What are rural push factors in south africa

Answer 40

drinking water needs to be collected drought/crop failure could drive people into poverty poor sanitation agricultural life is physically demanding few jobs little to occupy young people

Question 41

What are the urban pull factors in south africa

Answer 41

better job opportunities better public transport more likely to have better public utilities water supply and healthcare less likely to be affected by drought or crop failure

Question 42

What contributes to rapid urban growth

Answer 42

rural push factors urban pull factors natural increase rural-urban migration

Question 43

What is natural increase?

Answer 43

60% of population growth | high birth rate and low death rate

Question 44

CASE STUDY of rural to urban migration

Answer 44

Dhaka - Bangladesh

Question 45

Dhaka case study

Answer 45

Population: 12 million half a million new arrivals each year Bangladesh:one of the poorest countries in the world widespread flooding in monsoon season lots of illegal/'squatter' settlements have been built by migrants They live there because: cannot afford anywhere else authorities provide little housing In overcrowded area, disease is a major problem: water pollution,rotting piles of waste smoke and pollution from factories/traffic congestion diarrhoea,tuberculosis,measles and malaria very common people are forced to make own living:sell things in the street,half a million children involved in illegal working,bad pay,long hours and exposed to constant hazards