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Geography > Settlement Change > Flashcards

Settlement Change Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a settlement?

A

a place where people live

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2
Q

What does ‘site’ mean?

A

the actual land upon which a settlement is built. physical factors where most important in the initial choice of a site

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3
Q

What does ‘situation’ mean?

A

the location of a settlement relative to its surroundings, described in relation to other settlements, rivers, relief features, transport lines etc.

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4
Q

What are the different functions of a settlement?

A 
residential 
administrative 
industrial
market towns
strategic
tourism
other function- religious/cultural or ports
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5
Q

What is a residential settlement?

A

the main function is to provide a place for people to live, few services often commuter towns

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6
Q

What is an administrative settlement?

A

focus on running/governing the local area, often a capital city or county town

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7
Q

What is an industrial settlement?

A

goods are manufactured in factories, a large proportion of people work in the same industry

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8
Q

What is a market town settlement?

A

centres for trading goods and services, need to be accessible eg. river crossings or cross roads

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9
Q

What is a strategic settlement?

A

historically provided protection from attack, often on hill tops or insider meander bends. sometimes defensive sites

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10
Q

What is a tourism settlement?

A

some settlements have facilities that attract other people to visit the area. many coastal settlements change from fishing villages to holiday resorts. rely on people to visit

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11
Q

What are the three settlement shapes?

A

nucleated, linear and dispersed

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12
Q

An example of a settlement changing over time

A

Benidorm-Spain

  • developed as defensive function on a hill
  • then a fishing port as it was on coast
  • agriculture became important when water was transported from inland (for citrus fruits and olives)
  • became an tourist destination after roads were built in the area (road to Alicante-19th century)
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13
Q

What is counter-urbanisation?

A

the movement of people beyond the city area to rural locations or smaller towns

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14
Q

What are some push factors?

A

traffic congestion
pollution
fear of crime

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15
Q

What are some pull factors?

A

rural dream (pleasant surroundings, quiet, etc.)
housing developers encouraging outwards movement
better schools/education

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16
Q

What factors help counter-urbanisation?

A
  • road/travel improvements (easier commuting)
  • telephone/skype growth (still feel connected)
  • decline of industry and loss of jobs in urban areas
  • technological change (‘electronic commuting’ working from home whilst living in rural areas)
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17
Q

Negative consequences of counter-urbanisation

A
  • house prices increase
  • local resentment
  • lack of appreciation for tradition/customs (community spirit)
  • dormitory villages (quiet in daytime)
  • increase in pollution, accidents and congestion
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18
Q

Positive consequences of counter-urbanisation

A
  • improvement in services -gas mains, TV cables, schools
  • supports local facilities eg. pubs, shops
  • houses and buildings improved
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19
Q

Explain an example of counter-urbanisation

A

Flintshire (county in northeast wales. it borders Cheshire)

  • easy access to Chester, Liverpool and Manchester
  • access to work in large cities
  • live in rural areas but quick easy access to major towns
  • house prices have increased
  • young people cannot afford houses anymore
  • less public transport(problem for those without cars)
  • video conferencing means people are not tied to urban areas
20
Q

An example of depopulation

A

western isles

  • sense of remoteness
  • harsh physical conditions
  • limited jobs and wages
  • often young adults leave for university and do not return as there are few good jobs
  • services close down and the cost of public utilities increases
21
Q

What island does not follow the depopulation trend?

A

Skye

22
Q

Why is the population on Skye not decreasing?

A
  • lies close to the mainland
  • bridge built in 1995 connected mainland and good ferry links
  • no tolls on the bridge
  • some islanders don’t like new arrivals as they are taking jobs and housing
23
Q

Why is land use changing in urban areas?

A

increased demand for housing

deindustrialisation

24
Q

Why is there an increased demand for housing?

A

population is growing
more people migrating to the UK
people are living on their own for longer
longer life expectancy

25
Q

Explain the effect of deindustrialisation

A

as the manufacturing industry has moved away from the UK, there has been a major shift in employment

26
Q

What is a brownfield site?

A

a piece of land that has been used and may have been abandoned and is awaiting some new use

27
Q

What is a greenfield site?

A

a piece of land that has not been built on befor, frequently found in rural areas, but it is now being considered for development

28
Q

What is urban sprawl?

A

the unplanned, uncontrolled spreading of urban development into areas adjoining the edge of a city

29
Q

Why build on a greenfield site?

A 
population growth
cities provide job opportunities, easy access to cities
easy to build on
free from traffic congestion
cheaper to build on, cheaper houses
30
Q

What are the two ways of building on a brownfield site?

A

redevelopment - buildings knocked down new ones built

renewal - old building converted to new use

31
Q

Example of brownfield development

A

Coed Darcy-south wales
previously an oil refinery
1000 acres of brownfield site (hard to find this much land)
a lot of houses close together were built(4000 homes)
shops within 5 minutes walk
mixture of private and social housing

32
Q

advantages of greenfield sites

A

relatively cheaper, easier to build houses faster

healthier enviroment

33
Q

disadvantages of greenfield sites

A

valuable farmland/scenery lost
wildlife and habitats destroyed/disturbed
causes noise and light pollution
may not have access to good/modern roads

34
Q

advantages of brownfield sites

A

reduces loss of countryside
helps to revive old and disused urban areas
services already in place
located near to main areas

35
Q

disadvantages of brownfield sites

A

often more expensive (old buildings cleared,etc.)
surrounded by rundown areas-not appealing
higher pollution levels

36
Q

Explain suburban sprawl

A 
wasteful use of greenfield sites
vast areas of low-density housing
high car dependence
a uniformity of layout,architecture and class
shorter journeys for workers
37
Q

Explain eco towns

A

towns will be environmentally friendly(low carbon emissions, etc.)
largely car free
mostly brownfield sites
however, could become commuter dormitories

38
Q

Explain gated communities

A

located in central and inner parts of towns/cities
a group of houses shut away in a high security compound
entry is restricted
a safe environment- good for families
may separate the rich from poor
can become targets for crime

39
Q

Explain suburban intensification

A

building on vacant plots and public open spaces
‘garden grabbing’-selling off part of garden as building plot
a loophole in law classifies gardens as brownfield sites
since government prefers building on brownfield there is little to stop this process of cramming in new housing

40
Q

What are rural push factors in south africa

A

drinking water needs to be collected
drought/crop failure could drive people into poverty
poor sanitation
agricultural life is physically demanding
few jobs
little to occupy young people

41
Q

What are the urban pull factors in south africa

A

better job opportunities
better public transport
more likely to have better public utilities
water supply and healthcare
less likely to be affected by drought or crop failure

42
Q

What contributes to rapid urban growth

A

rural push factors
urban pull factors
natural increase
rural-urban migration

43
Q

What is natural increase?

A

60% of population growth

high birth rate and low death rate

44
Q

CASE STUDY of rural to urban migration

A

Dhaka - Bangladesh

45
Q

Dhaka case study

A

Population: 12 million
half a million new arrivals each year
Bangladesh:one of the poorest countries in the world
widespread flooding in monsoon season
lots of illegal/’squatter’ settlements have been built by
migrants
They live there because:
cannot afford anywhere else
authorities provide little housing
In overcrowded area, disease is a major problem:
water pollution,rotting piles of waste
smoke and pollution from factories/traffic congestion
diarrhoea,tuberculosis,measles and malaria very common
people are forced to make own living:sell things in the street,half a million children involved in illegal working,bad pay,long hours and exposed to constant hazards

Geography (10 decks)

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