settlement Flashcards
the difference between a nucleated and dispersed settlement.
Nucleated - buildings/houses are grouped/clusted around a central point. Nucleated places are formed around a central point.
Dispersed - they are scattered
what is a rural settlement
4 out of 10 people in SA live in rural settlements
are places where there are villages and farms
in rural settlements, people do jobs that are linked to the land, such as farming, mining, forestry and fishing
what is an urban settlement
towns and cities are urban settlements
people live and work there
most people in this settlement do not work on farms
they work in buildings and some are traders on the street
have many different kinds of buildings
what is a land use zone
an area where land is used for special purposes
iname the different ways land is used in an urban settlement
- Central business district
__ area in the center of a city
__ there are busy streets
__ many shops and offices
__ transport centers like taxi
ranks, train stations and bus
stations
__ government buildings are
often here - business zone __ area where there area many shops, offices and restaurants
- Zones for Light and heavy
industry
__ an area that has a lot of factories
__light industries = occupy small buildings
__egs. electrical, food processing, packaging and clothing factories
__Heavy industries = occupy bigger buildings and areas of land
__ use bulky and heavy resources
__oil refining, cement factories, iron and steel industries - Residential areas
-low income housing
-middle income housing
-high income housing
*Shopping centers
*new housing
*service and recreational area
*poor informal housing
* business park and service
industries
What leads to the development of these settlements. (dispersed)
enough water,
Flat land,
Fertile soil,
Tradition,
No security risks,
Commercial farming,
Effective communication,
Private land
social issues related to rapid growth of cities and explain
HOUSING
- shortage of houses, lack of urban planning and large number of poor migrants that come to south africa means that many people are forced to live in settlements that dont have basic services like water, toilets, roads, electricity, healthcare and schools
- 10 million people live in informal houses
- the government wants to eventually replace informal settlements with formal ones
SERVICES: HEALTHCARE AND EDUCATION
- rapid increase in informal housing around urban areas means that services like, clinincs and schools will not be provided until there is time and money to build these facilities
-schools have become overcrowded because the increase in africas urban population has put pressure on existing clinics and schools.
- there is a shortage of doctors and nurses. people have to wait a long time to be treated
what are the types of rural settlements
FARMING SETTLEMENTS
_ the main occupation is producing food from the land
_people many live on individual farms or in villages
_there are fields and grazing land around the farm and villages
MINING SETTLEMENTS
_ settlements can develope so that people can make a living
_ for example, a settlement developed because there is gold in the rocks nearby so thee people work in gold mines
FORESTRY
_people plant forests to supply them with wood
_it is important in the building industry and making paper
_ some settlements develope around saw mills and paper mills
FISHING
_main occupation is catching fish or processing fish
2 main kinds of aerial photographs and explain
VERTICAL
_taken by special aeroplanes
_ camera is fixed under the aeroplane , parallel to the ground
_ give a map view of the ground
OBLIQUE
_ taken by a camera that is attached to an aeroplane
_fixed at an angle
_show a view from above that is also partly from the side
examples of constructed features
buildings
roads
railways
farms
mines
bridge
airports
harbours
electricity power lines
examples of natural features
rivers
fields
forests
tree
hills
mountains
tell me about the info you can get from a vertical aerial photograph
useful because they show the layout of settlements and transport routes clearly
more useful in geography because they show a map view of the land
you can see natural and constructed features
tell me about the info you can get from a oblique aerial photograph
some objects are blocked out because of the angle of the camera
natural features on a vertical aerial photograph
have more uneven shapes
rivers are usually dark and bend and twist over an area
clear water appears darker that muddy water
wet soil appears darker than sandy soil
trees look dark
planted forests have straight edges and a regular pattern
natural forests are more uneven and scattered
shadows tel, you about direction
shadows indicate the shape and size of the object
shrubs and trees have a dotted appearance
constructed features on vertical aerial photographs
usually have straight edges
show even patterns on the land
main roads are normally straight with a few curves
secondary roads are narrower and may have more bends
roads often meet other roads at a right angle
railways have more gradual connections
fields show a regular pattern
fields with tall plants are darker that fields with short plants
cultivated land and water have a fine, smooth appearance
negative effects of living next to a water source.
water pollution
high-risk flooding
humidity
Diseases spread by unsafe water include cholera
If a water source becomes contaminated due to pollution, it can lead to health issues in humans
erosion
landslides
concept of urbanisation
happens when people move to an urban area so that the proportion of the population who live in towns and cities is greater that the number of people living in a rural settlement
results in the growth of urban areas and an increase in the total population who live in towns
almost half the population of africa lives in urban areas
urbanisation rates in africa are the highest in the world
The increased number of people living in urban areas in relation to the number of people living in rural areas.
rural to urban migration
when people move, either temporarily or permanently, from a rural area to an urban area
reason : it is difficult for people to make a living
push factors
no work
war and political problems
poverty
no food
droughts
flooding
Push factors push people away from rural areas,
> Farm workers are paid low wages,
Farm costs are increasing, while prices paid for produce decreases which leaves no profit.
Lack of services, like schools or clinics.
Lack of safe water.
If farms are being consolidated then there is lack of land for farming which leads to less food production.
pull factors
jobs opportunities
houses
better security and safety
family members
good education
more exciting lifestyle
Pull factors attract people to rural areas,
> Higher salaries in the cities.
Better services like education and medical services.
More social and cultural activities.
Entertainment.
Better water supply.
Reliable sources of food.
reasons for why people move to a different area
economic reasons
- to find work
social reasons
- better quality of life or to be closer to family members
political reasons
- to escape war or political problems
environmental reasons
- natural disasters
consequences of rural depopulation.
loss of wealth
the standard of living decreases
