Setting Up & Growth of Apartheid 1948-59 Flashcards
Segregation before 1948
1913 Land Act - Blacks not allowed to own land
1932 Native Economic Commission - justified separation of Black and White along racial lines
Resistance Before 1948
Little resistance because black people did not consider themselves a single group, few well educated, whites controlled army and police force.
Origins of ANC
Created by Doctor Xuma supported by Sisulu, Mandela, and Tambo
1948 Election
National Party victory.
Played on white fears of black migration to cities and overwhelming whites.
Tomlinson Report 1950
Thought that separation of races would work if the government could pay for it.
Recommended races to live apart and develop separately
Recommended that black reserved areas to be divided into 7 Bantustans
Nature of Apartheid
the racial segregation under the all-white government of South Africa which dictated that non-white South Africans (a majority of the population) were required to live in separate areas from whites and use separate public facilities, and contact between the two groups would be limited.
Population Registration Act 1950
Defined which race every South African belonged to. Black, White, Cape-coloured, and Indian
Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act 1949
As the name suggests
Group Areas Act 1950
Each town or city was separated into ‘White’, ‘Black’ and ‘Coloured’ areas. lines drawn on town and city maps.
Abolition of Passes Act 1952
The name is CONFUSING
extended the pass system to ALL blacks in urban areas
Black Reserves
13% of the land reserved as ‘Black Homelands’.
The Govt to improve farming and establish industry in homelands
Separate Amenities Act 1953
The division of public services and spaces according to race
Bantu Education Act 1953
All schools under state control
Less money spent on black students 63.92 rand per white pupil 8.99 rand per black pupil
Black children taught a menial curriculum to get a menial job
Opposition and resistance 1948-54
ANC Programme of Action 1949 - Programme of action to combat National. Non violent mass protest.
Defiance Campaign 1952 - Headed by Mandela. Mass rallies, stay at home protests and the defiance of apartheid regulations (mainly petty apartheid laws). Increased membership of ANC by 93000 members.
Suppression of opposition and resistance 1948-54
Suppression of communism act 1950 - Banned South African Communist party and gave Govt powers to hold and arrest people without charge. Also allowed government to say anything against apartheid was ‘communist’.
People arrested for defiance campaign
Mandela Banned 1953
Petty Apartheid
racial segregation enforced primarily in public transportation and hotels and restaurants and other public places
Development under Verwoerd
1958-66 PM of SA National Party.
He talked of ‘Grand Apartheid’ a more ideologically sophisticated more concerned with territorial separation and full independence rather than racial discrimination
Bantu Self Government Act 1959
Verwoerd set up 8 bantu homelands. Encouraged chiefs to be active politically and to look forward to greater independence, practically cutting off white South Africa from black South Africa.
