Resisting Apartheid 1955-78 Flashcards
Early Nelson Mandela
Established ANC youth league
mass support(communists) non-violence(Gandhi, MLK)
Increased popularity of ANC
Leads Defiance Campaign 1952 Banned 1953 Arrested 1956 before Rivonia Trial
ANC
African National Congress - Oldest Anti-apartheid national organisation. formed 1912. before 1948 wanted to appease the white govt and didn’t do much
Steve Biko
Mainly protested the Bantu Education Act.
Sets up SASO (South African Students Org)
He was an inspiration for a younger generation as Mandela was banned.
He was arrested 1977 and later martyred in jail which
Black Consciousness
Pride in being black. Reforming the way blacks thought of themselves not being subordinates to whites. not thinking of themselves as lesser humans that whites.
Sharpeville Massacre 21st March 1960
Mainly women protesting outside a police station against anti-pass laws.
Police fired on the crowd. 69+ killed 180+ injured
Impacts of Sharpeville International
Commonwealth conference criticises SA
UN calls for sanctions on SA
Investors start to take money out of SA
Anti-apartheid groups set up in other countries
Sporting bans
Impacts of Sharpeville on Big Orgs
Govt:
PAC and ANC banned
arrested 18,000
ANC and PAC:
PAC and ANC set up MK and Poqo abandoning non-violence
Local Impacts of SA
Mass funerals held
stay at home protests, burned pass books, set up headquarters abroad.
Young SAs training as Guerillas
28th March first strike in the country’s history
uMkhonto
MK
End to non-violence. underground org.
‘Spear of the People/Nation’ targeted Govt offices, electricity pylons, in order to sabotage country
Poqo
Violent PAC
targeted local chiefs suspected of collaborating with white govt
PAC
Founded by Robert Sobukwe. Broke away from ANC under Sobukwe to form Pan African Congress. Against europeans and for africans to create their own rules
Voerster
.Search up online later
Rivonia Trial
‘The Trial that changed SA’
10 member of ANC put on trial for treason
Tried for recruiting people for preparation and use of explosives and aiding foreign military units for invasion of SA.
Rivonia Raid
11 July 1963 security police raided headquarters of MK in Lilliesleaf Rivonia and found the evidence that the MK were conspiring with other countries and evidence of materials to make explosives
Impacts of Rivonia
Large Global Media Coverage
UN issues statements to appeal against death sentences to govt.
Oliver Tambo
Leader of ANC 1967-91
Helped set up MK camps in other countries
Lobbied other govts to help SA cause
Soweto Uprising 1976
Influenced by Steve Biko’s Black Consciousness ideas.
Uprising in response to 1974 act that all students to be taught in Afrikaans.
Soweto Uprising Causes
1974 act that students to be only taught in Afikaans
Shortage of teachers that could teach in Afrikaans and students unable to understand. Afrikaans was the language of the OPPRESSOR.
Consequences of Soweto Uprising
Massacre and violence by govt
176 killed
Hector Pietersen as the symbol as a 13 yr old who died
SA closed schools that went on strike
some students who went on strike were exiled so families split
National youth day was on the16th of June because of the Soweto Uprising.
SASO closed down because of this
Treason Trial 1956-61
156 arrested for connection to the Freedom Charter
prevented anti-apartheid leaders for 5 years from working because it was dragged out.
Freedom Charter 1955
ANC set it up
all national groups to have equal rights. all shall be equal before the law. fair trials. reducing number of blacks and coloureds from prison. Work and security. equal pay for men and women. peace and friendship.
UK resistance to Apartheid
formed the boycott movement/anti-apartheid movement(name changed). Ask consumers to not buy SA goods. supported by one of the ANC leaders.
AAM: playwrights and musicians broke ties with SA
Sports boycotts
rugby and cricket boycotts
SA to be discluded from 1964 because of SANROC
SA out of Olympics 1970
