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Semester 2-Infection > Session 9-Travel Infection > Flashcards

Session 9-Travel Infection Flashcards

1
Q

Why is travel history important?

A
  • recognise imported diseases
  • different strains of pathogen (antibiotic resistance)
  • infection prevention (on the ward, in the lab)
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2
Q

How many days after symptoms begin is classified as:

1) acute
2) sub-acute
3) chronic

A

1) <10 days
2) 10-21 days
3) >21 days

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3
Q

What are the symptoms/signs of infection from:

1) sub-Saharan Africa
2) SE Asia
3) S/C America
4) N Africa/M East
5) S/C Asia
6) N Australia
7) N America

A

1) resp (cough)
2) GI (diarrhoea)
3) skin (rash)
4) jaundice
5) CNS (headache)
6) haematological (lymphadenopathy/splenomegaly/haemorrhage)
7) eosinophilia

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4
Q

How do people acquire infection from:

1) sub-Saharan Africa
2) SE Asia
3) S/C America
4) N Africa/M East
5) S/C Asia
6) N Australia

A

1) food/water
2) insect/tick bite
3) swimming
4) sexual contact
5) animal contact (bite)
6) beach

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5
Q

What are the key aspects of taking a travel history?

A

1) any unwell travel companions/contacts?
2) pre-travel vaccinations/preventative measures?
3) recreational activities?
4) healthcare exposure?

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6
Q

Which three species of malaria (Plasmodium) do we need to know?

A

Falciparum
Vivax
Ovale

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7
Q

What is the vector of malaria?

A

Female anopheles mosquito (night biter)

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8
Q

What is the minimum incubation period of malaria?

A

6 days

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9
Q

What is the incubation period of Plasmodium falciparum?

A

Up to 6 months

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10
Q

What is the incubation period of Plasmodium vivax/ovale?

A

Up to 1 year +

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11
Q

What is the history of a patient with malaria?

A

Fever chills and sweats

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12
Q

What are the symptoms of malaria?

A 
Headache 
Fever
Fatigue
Pain
Chills
Sweating 
Dry cough 
Splenomegaly 
Nausea
Vomiting
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13
Q

What are the cardiovascular symptoms of severe falciparum malaria?

A

Tachycardia
Hypotension
Arrhythmia

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14
Q

What are the respiratory symptoms of severe falciparum malaria?

A

Acute respiratory distress syndromes (fluid in lungs)

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15
Q

What are the GI symptoms of severe falciparum malaria?

A

Diarrhoea
Deranged LFTs
Bilirubin

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16
Q

What are the renal symptoms of severe falciparum malaria?

A

Acute kidney injury

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17
Q

What are the CNS symptoms of severe falciparum malaria?

A

Confusion
Fits
Cerebral malaria

18
Q

What are the blood-related symptoms of severe falciparum malaria?

A

Low/normal WCC
Thrombocytopenia
DIC

19
Q

What are the metabolic symptoms of severe falciparum malaria?

A

Metabolic acidosis

Hypoglycaemia

20
Q

Why are three blood smears needed to test for malaria?

A

Need 3 negatives to exclude malaria

21
Q

Which investigations are conducted to test for malaria?

A 
Blood smear x3
FBC
U&amp;Es
LFTs
Glucose
Coagulation 
Head CT
Chest x ray
22
Q

What is used to treat Plasmodium falciparum?

A

Artesunate

Quinine and doxycycline

23
Q

What is used to treat Plasmodium vivax and ovale?

A

Chloroquine + primaquine

24
Q

How can malaria be prevented?

A
  • assess risk
  • bite prevention (repellant, adequate clothing, nets)
  • chemoprophylaxis
25
Q

What does salmonella typhi cause?

A

Typhoid (enteric fever)

26
Q

What is the mechanism of infection of enteric fever?

A

Faecal-oral from contaminated food/water

27
Q

Describe the gram stain of salmonella typhi?

A

Gram-negative rod

28
Q

What are the virulence factors of salmonella typhi?

A

1) gram-negative endotoxin
2) survives gastric acid
3) invasin-allows intracellular growth
4) fimbriae adhere to epithelium over ileal lymphoid tissue

29
Q

What is the incubation period of enteric fever?

A

7-14 days

30
Q

What are the signs/symptoms of enteric fever?

A 
Fever 
Headache
Abdominal discomfort
Constipation
Dry cough
Relative bradycardia
31
Q

True or false: the signs and symptoms of paratyphoid are milder than typhoid

A

TRUE

32
Q

What are the complications of enteric fever?

A

Intestinal haemorrhage and perforation

33
Q

What do the investigations done for a patient with enteric fever show?

A

Moderate anaemia
Relative lymphopenia
Raised LFTs
Culture (blood)

34
Q

How can enteric fever be prevented?

A

Food and water hygiene precautions
Typhoid vaccine
Capsular polysaccharide antigen
Live attenuated vaccine

35
Q

What are the symptoms of non-typhoidal salmonella infections (eg food poisoning)?

A

Diarrhoea
Fever
Vomiting
Abdominal pain

36
Q

What is the commonest arbovirus?

A

Dengue

37
Q

How does the first dengue infection present?

A

Ranges from asymptomatic to severe febrile illness

38
Q

How does a re-infection of dengue present?

A

Dengue haemorrhagic fever

Dengue shock syndrome

39
Q

Give an example of a viral haemorrhagic fever

A

Ebola

40
Q

What are the symptoms of Ebola?

A

Flu-like illness with vomiting, diarrhoea, headaches, confusion and rash

41
Q

What type of virus is Zika virus?

A

Arbovirus

42
Q

What are the symptoms of Zika virus in pregnant women?

A

Foetal loss

Baby has congenital microcephaly

Semester 2-Infection (15 decks)

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