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Semester 2-Infection > Session 3-Innate Immunity > Flashcards

Session 3-Innate Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Define immune system

A

Cells and organs that contribute to immune defences against infectious and non-infectious conditions

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2
Q

What is an infectious disease?

A

When the pathogen succeeds in evading and/or overwhelming the host’s immune defences

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3
Q

What are the roles of the immune system? (4)

A

1) pathogen recognition
2) containing/eliminating infection
3) regulating itself
4) remembering pathogens

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4
Q

True or false: innate immunity provides long lasting protection

A

FALSE - immediate protection

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5
Q

What are the innate physical barriers?

A

1) skin
2) mucous membranes
3) bronchial cilia

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6
Q

What are the innate physiological barriers and what are they barriers against?

A

1) diarrhoea - food poisoning
2) vomiting - food poisoning, hepatitis, meningitis
3) coughing - pneumonia
4) sneezing - sinusitis

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7
Q

What are the innate chemical barriers?

A

1) low pH

2) antimicrobial molecules

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8
Q

What is the pH of skin?

A

5.5

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9
Q

What is the pH of the vagina?

A

4.4

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10
Q

What are normal flora?

A

Biological barrier, non-pathogenic microbes in strategic locations

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11
Q

True or false: normal flora is present in internal organs/tissues

A

FALSE - absent

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12
Q

Where are normal flora present?

A 
Nasopharynx 
Mouth/throat
Skin
GI tract
Vagina
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13
Q

What are the benefits of normal flora? (3)

A

1) Compete with pathogens for attachment sites and resources
2) Produce antimicrobial chemicals
3) Synthesise vitamins

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14
Q

Which normal flora inhabits the skin?

A

Staphylococcus aureus

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15
Q

Which normal florae inhabit the nasopharynx?

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Neisseria meningitidis

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16
Q

When do clinical problems start with normal flora? (3)

A

1) when normal flora is displaced from its normal location to a sterile location
2) when normal flora overgrows and becomes pathogenic when the host becomes immuno-compromised
3) when normal flora is depleted by antibiotics

17
Q

In which ways can normal flora be displaced from its normal location? (3)

A

1) breaching skin integrity through burns, surgery, injections etc
2) fecal-oral route (foodborne)
3) fecal-perineal-urethral route (UTI)

18
Q

Which microbe causes vaginal thrush?

A

Candida albicans

19
Q

What are the three main types of phagocytes?

A

1) macrophages
2) monocytes
3) neutrophils

20
Q

Which phagocyte is present in pus?

A

Neutrophils

21
Q

What are the function of macrophages? (3)

A

1) phagocytosis
2) present microbial antigens to T cells
3) produce cytokines/chemokines

22
Q

What do monocytes differentiate into?

A

Macrophages

23
Q

When is the level of neutrophils increased?

A

During infection

24
Q

What is the function of neutrophils?

A

Ingest and destroy pyogenic bacteria

25
Q

Which other key cells are involved in innate immunity? (4)

A

1) basophils/mast cells
2) eosinophils
3) natural killer cells
4) dendritic cells

26
Q

Complete the sentence:

Microbial structures have PAMPs (_________-_____________ __________ __________) which are recognised by PRRs (________ _____________ __________) on phagocytes.

A

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns

Pathogen recognition receptors

27
Q

Why are PRRs present inside the cell as well as on the surface?

A

Viruses replicate inside cells so to recognise viruses

28
Q

How does opsonisation of microbes take place?

A

Coating proteins called opsonins bind to microbial surfaces, leading to enhanced attachment of phagocytes and clearance of microbes

29
Q

Give examples of opsonins

A

1) Complement proteins eg C3b
2) Antibodies eg IgG
3) Acute phase proteins eg CRP and mannose-binding lectin (MBL)

30
Q

What are the two activating pathways of the complement system and what are they initiated by?

A

1) alternative pathway-initiated by cell surface microbial constituents
2) Mannose-binding lectin pathway-initiated when MBL binds to mannose containing residues of proteins found on microbes

31
Q

What are the antimicrobial actions of C3a and C5a complement proteins?

A

Recruitment of phagocytes (chemoattractants)

32
Q

What are the antimicrobial actions of C3b-C4b?

A

Opsonisation of pathogens

33
Q

What are the antimicrobial actions of C5-C9?

A

1) Killing of pathogens

2) Membrane attack complex (form pores which punch holes in bacterial cell wall and kill bacteria)

34
Q

What is released by activated macrophages?

A

Tumour necrosis factor (TNFa)

Interleukins (IL-1/IL-6)

35
Q

What are the antimicrobial actions of macrophage-derived TNFa/IL-1/IL-6 in the liver?

A

CRP

Mannose binding lectin -> complement activation

36
Q

What are the antimicrobial actions of macrophage-derived TNFa/IL-1/IL-6 in bone marrow?

A

Neutrophil mobilisation

37
Q

What are the antimicrobial actions of macrophage-derived TNFa/IL-1/IL-6 in the inflammatory response?

A

Vasodilation
Vascular permeability
Adhesion molecules -> attraction of neutrophils

38
Q

What are the antimicrobial actions of macrophage-derived TNFa/IL-1/IL-6 in the hypothalamus?

A

Increased body temperature

39
Q

Which clinical problems start with reduced phagocytosis?

A

1) Decreased spleen function
2) Decreased neutrophil number
3) Decreased neutrophil function

Semester 2-Infection (15 decks)

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