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Medical Microbiology > Session 9-16 > Flashcards

Session 9-16 Flashcards

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1
Q

What does growth mean for unicellular organisms

A

Growth for unicellular organisms means there is an increase in the number

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2
Q

What do you need for successful microbe cultivation

A

You need to know the nutritional requirements of the microbe. So a source of energy, mineral nutrients, and certain growth factors

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3
Q

What is a culture medium?

A

It is a solid or liquid substance that has the substances required for microbes to grow. It has water, a source of energy, mineral nutrients, and certain growth factors

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4
Q

What are the classes of culture media

A

Defined medium, complex or undefined medium, and differential culture medium

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5
Q

What is a differential culture medium?

A

It has an indicator that is normally a dye that will detect particular chemical reactions that happen during culture growth

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6
Q

What are some other factors that affect culture growth?

A

pH, temperature, and light

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7
Q

What is a liquid medium

A

It is a culture growth environment where all the things a microbe needs are inside a solvent. Microbes can grow super fast but it hard to identify them

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8
Q

What is a solid medium

A

It is an environment where all the things the microbe needs are in a liquid medium that has solidified Agar is a solidifying substance used in solid mediums

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9
Q

What is a solid medium

A

It is an environment where all the things the microbe needs are in a liquid medium that has solidified Agar is a solidifying substance used in solid mediums

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10
Q

What is Agar

A

Agar is a solid medium solidifier that is mixed into a liquid at high temperature then poured into sterile container where it solidifies the medium

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11
Q

What is a CFU and what does it stand for?

A

CFU stands for Colony Forming Unit which is the total number of microbial cells in a sample a cell is noted by the number of colonies on the culture

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12
Q

What’s the difference between pure culture and contaminated culture

A

A pure culture has one type of microbe in it while contaminated has multiple microbes on there

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13
Q

What is a biosafety cabinet

A

It protects the worker from the microbes being used as well as keeping the microbes inside the cabinet free from any other microbes so it can remain a pure culture

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14
Q

What are storage methods for microbial cultures

A

There are short term storages like laboratory fridges, and long term freeze-drying

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15
Q

What are the two microbes that cant grow on synthetic cultures

A

Viruses, and prions

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16
Q

If viruses cant be cultivated in synthetic cultures how are they cultivated

A

A host cell is first cultured then infected with viruses so that the viruses can replicate. When the host cell bursts the viruses that come out from it will form clusters known as plaques

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17
Q

What is decontamination

A

Decontamination is when materials have been rid of any microbes so that the materials are safe to handle

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18
Q

What is sterilization

A

Sterilization is killing all microbes present on an object

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19
Q

What is disinfection

A

Disinfection is killing some but not all microbes on a surface

20
Q

What is pasteurization

A

It is when heat is used to kill microbes in milk to make it safe for ingesting

21
Q

What are factors that affect microbial growth control

A

The surface or environment to which the microbes are on the meaning you won’t use the same decontamination tool for different surfaces and another would be the type of microbe ou are treating

22
Q

What are the two categories of controlling microbe growth

A

Physical measures and chemical measures

23
Q

What are the physical microbial control methods

A

Heat(dry heat, wet heat, incineration), radiation,

filtration,

24
Q

What’s the difference between dry heat sterilization vs wet heat sterilization

A

Dry heat uses a lot of heat in a chamber to kill the microbes while wet heat is where microbes in an autoclave which uses steam and penetrate the microbes killing them

25
Q

Why is pressure important in autoclaves

A

It allows for the temperature to reach that 100 degrees celsius as well as it causes the steam to penetrate the cellular structure of the microbes

26
Q

What is incineration

A

Incineration is using very high temperatures that can reach up to 1000 degrees celsius used specifically for tools in contact with prions

27
Q

What is radiation and what is it used for and what are its limitations?

A

Radiation refers to UV light or energy that is able to destroy genetic material. It is often used to decontaminate surfaces. It has low penetration power which is why its only used for surfaces

28
Q

What is filtration

A

Filtration is when things are passed through a filter with pores too small for microbes to pass through to a certain target environment

29
Q

What is cold sterilization

A

Cold sterilization is a form of chemical decontamination it uses deadly gases to sterilize objects

30
Q

What are self disinfecting surfaces

A

They are surfaces made out of certain metals like copper and silver that can kill pathogens. Copper is able to react with oxygen radicals that can damage microbe DNA while silver can bind with cell walls destroying the cells.

31
Q

What do static, lytic, and cidal refer to

A

They are suffixes for antimicrobial agents. Static is a drug that will inhibit the growth of the microbes so the population is static. Lytic suffix refers to the killing of microbial cells by degrading them. Cidal refers to the cells dying but the structure remains intact,

32
Q

What are tetracyclines

A

They are antimicrobial drugs with 4 carbon rings

33
Q

What is the mode of action of actinomycin

A

It makes sure the mRNA isn’t long enough for the cell to use it

34
Q

What are growth factor analogs and what is an example

A

Growth factor analogs are similar to growth factors but do not function inside the cells it’s like eating fake food. Isozainid is an example of a growth factor analog that only works in mycobacteria

35
Q

What are growth factor analogs and what is an example

A

Growth factor analogs are similar to growth factors but do not function inside the cells it’s like eating fake food. Isozainid is an example of a growth factor analog that only works in mycobacteria

36
Q

What is the purpose of culturing microorganisms?

A

Since microorganisms normally can’t be studied in their natural habitat they need to be cultured to be studied more effectively

37
Q

What are interferons

A

Interferons are proteins that stimulate antiviral proteins in uninfected cells

38
Q

What are some things that antifungal drugs target?

A

Things like the fungal version of cholesterol (ergosterol), we can target the cell wall since human cells dint have a cell wall,

39
Q

What is minimum inhibitory concentration

A

This is the minimum drug needed in order to inhibit the growth of the microbe

40
Q

What is a zone of inhibition?

A

It is the space that is clear around the antimicrobial disc to where there are no microbes near so the greater the better

41
Q

What are the short term solutions for antibiotic resistance

A

Using antimicrobial drugs only when they are needed, better education of physicians to properly prescribe drugs, combining drugs,

42
Q

What is an example of a drug combination

A

B lactamase is a drug that some staphylococcus have grown resistant to because they have an enzyme that renders the drug useless so lactamase is combined with something that destroys the enzyme so that lactamase can affect the bacteria again

43
Q

What are the long term solutions for drug resistance

A

Developing new antimicrobial drugs which are time-consuming and expensive or the less expensive solution of modifying current antimicrobial

44
Q

What are bioinformatic tools

A

There are tools that can be used to design molecules to interact with specific microbial structures

45
Q

What is nanotechnology

A

This is when drugs are put inside very small particles that wouldn’t be able to enter the microbe without the particle

46
Q

What do bacteriophages have to do with drug resistance?

A

With some drug-resistant bacteria, bacteriophages can be used to kill those bacteria.

Medical Microbiology (10 decks)

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