Session 2-8 Flashcards
Who was the first to see bacteria in a microscope?
Antoni Van Leuwenhoek
Who was the first to see through a microscope and what did they see?
Robert Hooke and he saw a fungi
How did Pasteur disprove spontaneous regeneration
People believed that microbes could form out of nonliving things he disproved this by having broth in two containers and killed the microbes then covered one then left the other open nothing was in the one that was closed. He tried again with an s-shaped beaker to let oxygen in but again no microbes because the shape didn’t let particles other than oxygen and gasses pass-through
What did Pasteur do for MMi
He disproved spontaneous regeneration, Created a vaccine for anthrax and rabies, and he created a technique of pasteurization
What are the four criteria of Koch’s postulate?
- ) the suspected pathogen must be in a diseased animal but not in a healthy one
- ) You take the blood of a healthy animal and diseased animal and culture them separately
- ) You take the culture and inject it into a healthy animal the healthy animal should have the same symptoms as original
- ) You culture the blood of the animal and it should match the original
what are the four cellular microbes
Bacteria, protists, fungi, microscopic animals
What are the two cellular microbes
Virus and prions
difference between eukaryote and prokaryotes
Prokaryotes do not have a nucleus while eukaryotes do and have many organelles
Which microbe has plasmid
Bacteria
What is common between all the types of cellular microbes except microscopic animals
Cytoplasm, ribosomes, cell wall
What microbe has circular DNA
Prokaryotes
What does the plasmid do
it protects the bacteria from antimicrobial drugs
What is the cell wall made of in fungi and bacteria
Bacteria is made of peptidoglycan while fungi is made up of chitin
What is the cell wall
It is the exterior portion of the cell made of carbohydrates and protein. It protects the cell. Present in the plant, fungal and bacterial cells.
What is the cell membrane
It is a soft fluid membrane made of a double phospholipid layer and proteins. It allows things to enter and leave the cell. It creates ATP in bacteria
What are ribosomes
They are made of two units and it synthesizes protein from genetic code
What are the mitochondria?
It is a rod-shaped double-membrane organelle that creates ATP
What are the reasons the mitochondria are seen as bacteria inside the cell?
Mitochondria has circular DNA, has ribosomes inside it, similar genetic material
What are the three types of endocytosis
Phagocytosis(taking solids in), Pinocytosis (taking liquids in, receptor-mediated endocytosis (receptors latch on to things and create vesicles to absorb)
What are the types of circular bacteria?
Coccus, diplococcus, streptococcus, staphylococcus
What are the rod-shaped bacteria called?
bacillus, spirillum, spirochetes
What is the lifecycle of the malaria parasite?
It starts out as sporozoites after the mosquito has infected humans, the sporozoites are released then go into the liver where they grow to become schizont, which then infects blood cells, and they become merozoites the merozoites replicate in the red blood cell and cause them to burst so they can reproduce on more blood cells when uninfected mosquito bites it gets a piece of this starting the process all over again
What are protists
Protists are a diverse group of cellular microbes they can be single cellular or multicellular
What are multicellular protists
They are microbes that can be similar to fungi, their cell wall is made of cellulose
What is a fungus cell wall made out of?
chitin
What are helminths
They are microscopic animals that are multicellular and are usually anaerobic. They are parasites so they eat the tissue of their host or feed on nutrients from the host
What are the modes of transmission for helminths?
Fecal oral (larvae is in feces), intermediate host (eating infected tissue, transdermal transmission (worm penetrates the skin and lives in tissue or vector-borne so transmitted by blood-sucking insects
What are the helminth groups
Tapeworm, roundworm, threadworm
What makes helminths hard to deal with
They may have a protective layer called a cuticle, it’s hard for the body to contain them and kill them, they are too big for phagocytosis of immune cells, they can suppress the immune system.
how are helminths in humans treated
Through drugs called helminthics and or surgery
Explain binary fission
Binary fission is how bacteria reproduce. They start off replicating their genetic material then they separate and go to different poles of the bacteria then forms a septum then separates
How does bacteria create gene diversity
They create gene diversity through mutation and horizontal gene transfer
What are the forms of horizontal gene transfer
Transformation is when a free-floating DNA is taken by bacteria, transduction is when one bacteria is infected by virus then one of the viruses later created has the genome of the original infected bacteria, conjugation is when there is gene transfer through pili
What’s the difference between autotrophs and heterotrophs
Autotrophs make their own food through processes like photosynthesis while heterotrophs eat autotrophs or get their energy from other autotrophs bodies
What type of bacteria can survive with or without oxygen and what are the others called
Facultative aerobes the others are obligate aerobes and obligate anaerobes
What are the advantages of being small
It means there is a higher surface to volume ratio allowing the smaller cell to absorb more and get rid of waste faster so the cell can grow faster
What colors do gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria turn under gram testing
Gram-positive turns purple or blue while gram-negative turns pink or red
Which gram has a thicker cell wall
Gram-positive has a thicker cell wall
Whats the purpose of fimbria
It allows the bacteria to stick to surfaces and to other bacteria
What is a bacteria capsule and what is its other name
Cell capsule can be rigid or fluid and it protects the bacteria from phagocytosis, desiccation, and helps it stick to things
What is an endospore
An endospore is a specialized cell found only in gram-positive bacteria. It allows the bacteria to survive harsh conditions
What is a fungus
Fungi are heterotrophic eukaryotes. They are referred to with the prefix Myco. They have a thin fibrous body called hyphae and often produce sexually but have asexual reproduction.
What is the lifecycle of retrovirus
Binds to cell membrane then genetic material
What is a virome
It is the entire population of viruses that are in a particular environment.
What are the four things viruses do to animal cells
They can transform them which turns them into cancer, a virulent infection that kills the cell (think violent), a latent infection that is dormant for a while but might eventually kill the cell, persistent infections is when the cell isn’t killed but becomes a virus factory.
What is a retrovirus?
A retrovirus is a single-stranded antisense virus that is able to transform its RNA into DNA
What is simple staining
It has only one type of dye that is used to determine the shape size and arrangement of cells
What are the different stages of binary fission
Elongation is when the cell elongates, septum formation is when a septum forms, cell separation.
What are the three types of staining
Simple staining, differential stains, special stain
Why is it advantageous for retroviruses to keep their RNA rather than having DNA all the way through
Because they can mutate a lot faster
What are prions
They are acellular human pathogens that are made of protein that doesn’t function the way it should function. They have no genome.
Why is the shape of a protein important
A protein is made in a ribosome and when it is made it folds a certain way that allows it to function. When they fold improperly they can’t function well and groups of them can create plaques that become dangerous to cells
What is CJD
It is Cruetzfeld Jacob disease is a rare prion induced disease that can be genetic or happen sporadically
What is vCJD
It is a prion disease that is linked to a disease in cows known as bovine spongiform encephalopathy
What’s an example of a good prion
The prion MAVS can trigger interferon and it can kill cells so that viruses do not continue to kill a cell
Asexual reproduction of multicellular fungi
spores
What is the sexual reproduction of multicellular fungus
So the cell walls of male and female join each other then the nucleus moves into one then the one that has no nucleus dies then the cell is 2n and undergoes meiosis
What is the single-cell protist
It is a protozoa
When a protist is multicellular whats it called
it is called omecytes
What is the prevention for malaria
It is called artemisinin and is obtained from plants
human skin and pores are what for the
chemoattractants to protists that can swim
What do endospores protect the bacteria from and what type of bacteria is it found in
Gram-positive and it protects against heat, harsh chemicals, radiation, and harsh conditions.
What are viral hosts?
Animal cells, bacterial cells, and plant viruses
What are the enzymes in retroviruses and how do they come to be
The retrovirus has genes that encode for reverse transcriptase an enzyme that allows it to convert RNA to DNA. They also have integrase an enzyme that puts the virus DNA into the genome of the host cell
How does HIV enter a cell
in order for HIV to enter a cell, it must fit perfectly into two receptors
Explain how HDV works
Hepatitis d virus is a virus with a capsid but it doesn’t have genes to create its own capsid so it needs hepatitis b in order to create its capsid meaning hepatitis d cannot replicate without the help of HBV
The five phases of viral replication are?
Attachment, penetration, synthesis, assembly, release
What turns DNA to RNA during transcription
RNA polymerase
What type of virus is double-stranded
HPV
What are the three types of viral infection?
Phagocytosis, receptor-mediated endo, and genetic injection
What are the prions in humans that can be pathogens?
There is PrPc protein that is created when it is misfolded it will become PrPsc. There is CJD which is a neurodegenerative and vCJD which is caused by meat infected with Bovine spongiform Encephalopathy
