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Medical Microbiology > Session 18 > Flashcards

Session 18 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What is congenital syphilis and how is it prevented

A

This is when the syphilis microbe is transferred from the mother to the fetus. It is prevented through screening the mother throughout pregnancy for the disease

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2
Q

Since 2015 how many babies with congenital syphilis have happened and how many have been stillbirths

A

25 cases of babies born with syphilis and 2 of them died so stillbirth

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3
Q

True or false syphilis can cause blindness

A

True

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4
Q

What has happened to gonorrhea cases since 2015 and what did the health medical officer say

A

They have doubled and health officer said partners should get tested and people with multiple partners should be tested every 3 to 4 months and use protection during sex

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5
Q

What are the microbes that are able to survive for a long time in the air

A

Gram-positive bacteria like staphylococcus, streptococcus, and mycobacterium

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6
Q

airborne viral diseases

A

Influenza, measles and mumps, colds, viruses and respiratory infections

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7
Q

What is another name for Streptococcus pyogenes, how prevalent is it, how does it attack and how is it diagnosed?

A

It is also called a group A streptococci, It is normally found in the upper respiratory tract but not abundantly, it is able to cause disease in an immunocompromised person and is diagnosed through immunofluorescence methods and blood agar

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8
Q

Why is an accurate and rapid diagnosis of severe soar throat infections important

A

Because they could be caused by virus meaning antibiotics would be useless and can at times cause fatal secondary diseases

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9
Q

What are aerosols

A

Aerosols are when microbes are thrust into the air through sneezing, coughing, etc. They can thrust microbes onto surfaces, directly infect people and cause respiratory infections

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10
Q

Diagnosis of S. pyogenes

A

Immunofluorescence and blood agar

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11
Q

What are secondary diseases of S.pyogenes

A

Scarlet fever, necrotizing fasciitis, toxic shock syndrome

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12
Q

What is a superantigen

A

This an antigen that is able to create an immune response so strong that it destroys the body

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13
Q

What is scarlet fever

A

This is a secondary disease caused by S. pyogenes. It is when that is characterized by a severe sore throat and bad rashes

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14
Q

What is necrotizing fascitis

A

This is when scarlet fever leads to the rapid destruction of the skin and muscles because the bacteria release an exotoxin that causes severe inflammation that the immune cells destroy the host cells

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15
Q

What is toxic shock syndrome

A

This is another secondary disease of S. pyogenes that occurs due to the bacteria releasing toxins that are able to damage certain organs

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16
Q

What causes tuberculosis and how is it prevented. What are treatments for it

A

It is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that is spread through airborne droplets. It is prevented through hospitalization in negative pressure rooms and facemasks. Isozianid using 9-month program

17
Q

Why do STIs spread through sex

A

The reproductive genital area is a moist warm environment that is favourable for these microorganisms

18
Q

prevention of STIs

A

Safe sex

19
Q

Long term issues of untreated STIs

A

Infertility, birth defects, cancer, heart disease, and death

20
Q

Why has there been an increase in STIs

A

There has been an increase because tests are better, antimicrobial resistance, and changes in sexual practices

21
Q

Where have most increase in syphilis transmission been seen

A

It has been seen predominantly in men that have sex with men

22
Q

What causes syphilis and what are the three stages and what is an effective antibiotic

A

It is caused by a spirochete bacterium, the stages are primary secondary and tertiary, an effective antibiotic would be penicillin

23
Q

Can syphilis be transmitted with another microbe if so what is it

A

Syphilis can be transmitted with Gonnorhea

24
Q

Can syphilis pass through unbroken skin

A

Syphilis cannot pass through unbroken skin

25
Q

What is primary syphilis

A

This is when the bacteria multiply at the initial infection site and create lesions there

26
Q

What is secondary syphilis and how can it be detected

A

This occurs when primary syphilis is left untreated it occurs when the bacteria travel to other areas of the body and it can be detected when an individual has a skin rash

27
Q

What are the options for syphilis if left untreated

A

If it is left untreated it can either be cured spontaneously, chronic syphilis with no symptoms, or tertiary syphilis occurs which is a wide range of symptoms

28
Q

What is the treatment for syphilis

A

It is treated with penicillin for the first two stages but long antibiotic treatment is needed for tertiary

29
Q

Explain the causal agent for HPV

A

It caused by the double-stranded DNA virus with 100 different strains

30
Q

What are the symptoms of HPV

A

They may get cancer, there may be warts

31
Q

What normally happens to people who contract HPV

A

Most people never show any symptoms and infection normally goes away after a couple of years

32
Q

How is HPV prevented

A

It is prevented through screening so regular health checkups and pap tests and DNA tests as well as vaccinations

33
Q

What is the causal agent of HIV and AIDS

A

The causal agent is the human immunodeficiency virus and it is a retrovirus

34
Q

What are the most common ways HIV is transmitted

A

Through men having sex with men, heterosexual sex, and contaminated drug use

35
Q

How does HIV work

A

HIV doesn’t kill in itself instead it weakens the immune system leaving the host susceptible to other infections

36
Q

What’s the difference between the two types of HIV

A

HIV-1 is more virulent while HIV 2 is less virulent and requires more time to cause AIDS

37
Q

What is an AIDS patient?

A

AN AIDS patient is someone who has a CD4 count lower than 200 per microliter, CD4 count over 200 per microliter with the diseases cervical cancer, Kaposi’s sarcoma, and candidiasis

Medical Microbiology (10 decks)

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