Session 18 Flashcards
What is congenital syphilis and how is it prevented
This is when the syphilis microbe is transferred from the mother to the fetus. It is prevented through screening the mother throughout pregnancy for the disease
Since 2015 how many babies with congenital syphilis have happened and how many have been stillbirths
25 cases of babies born with syphilis and 2 of them died so stillbirth
True or false syphilis can cause blindness
True
What has happened to gonorrhea cases since 2015 and what did the health medical officer say
They have doubled and health officer said partners should get tested and people with multiple partners should be tested every 3 to 4 months and use protection during sex
What are the microbes that are able to survive for a long time in the air
Gram-positive bacteria like staphylococcus, streptococcus, and mycobacterium
airborne viral diseases
Influenza, measles and mumps, colds, viruses and respiratory infections
What is another name for Streptococcus pyogenes, how prevalent is it, how does it attack and how is it diagnosed?
It is also called a group A streptococci, It is normally found in the upper respiratory tract but not abundantly, it is able to cause disease in an immunocompromised person and is diagnosed through immunofluorescence methods and blood agar
Why is an accurate and rapid diagnosis of severe soar throat infections important
Because they could be caused by virus meaning antibiotics would be useless and can at times cause fatal secondary diseases
What are aerosols
Aerosols are when microbes are thrust into the air through sneezing, coughing, etc. They can thrust microbes onto surfaces, directly infect people and cause respiratory infections
Diagnosis of S. pyogenes
Immunofluorescence and blood agar
What are secondary diseases of S.pyogenes
Scarlet fever, necrotizing fasciitis, toxic shock syndrome
What is a superantigen
This an antigen that is able to create an immune response so strong that it destroys the body
What is scarlet fever
This is a secondary disease caused by S. pyogenes. It is when that is characterized by a severe sore throat and bad rashes
What is necrotizing fascitis
This is when scarlet fever leads to the rapid destruction of the skin and muscles because the bacteria release an exotoxin that causes severe inflammation that the immune cells destroy the host cells
What is toxic shock syndrome
This is another secondary disease of S. pyogenes that occurs due to the bacteria releasing toxins that are able to damage certain organs
What causes tuberculosis and how is it prevented. What are treatments for it
It is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that is spread through airborne droplets. It is prevented through hospitalization in negative pressure rooms and facemasks. Isozianid using 9-month program
Why do STIs spread through sex
The reproductive genital area is a moist warm environment that is favourable for these microorganisms
prevention of STIs
Safe sex
Long term issues of untreated STIs
Infertility, birth defects, cancer, heart disease, and death
Why has there been an increase in STIs
There has been an increase because tests are better, antimicrobial resistance, and changes in sexual practices
Where have most increase in syphilis transmission been seen
It has been seen predominantly in men that have sex with men
What causes syphilis and what are the three stages and what is an effective antibiotic
It is caused by a spirochete bacterium, the stages are primary secondary and tertiary, an effective antibiotic would be penicillin
Can syphilis be transmitted with another microbe if so what is it
Syphilis can be transmitted with Gonnorhea
Can syphilis pass through unbroken skin
Syphilis cannot pass through unbroken skin
What is primary syphilis
This is when the bacteria multiply at the initial infection site and create lesions there
What is secondary syphilis and how can it be detected
This occurs when primary syphilis is left untreated it occurs when the bacteria travel to other areas of the body and it can be detected when an individual has a skin rash
What are the options for syphilis if left untreated
If it is left untreated it can either be cured spontaneously, chronic syphilis with no symptoms, or tertiary syphilis occurs which is a wide range of symptoms
What is the treatment for syphilis
It is treated with penicillin for the first two stages but long antibiotic treatment is needed for tertiary
Explain the causal agent for HPV
It caused by the double-stranded DNA virus with 100 different strains
What are the symptoms of HPV
They may get cancer, there may be warts
What normally happens to people who contract HPV
Most people never show any symptoms and infection normally goes away after a couple of years
How is HPV prevented
It is prevented through screening so regular health checkups and pap tests and DNA tests as well as vaccinations
What is the causal agent of HIV and AIDS
The causal agent is the human immunodeficiency virus and it is a retrovirus
What are the most common ways HIV is transmitted
Through men having sex with men, heterosexual sex, and contaminated drug use
How does HIV work
HIV doesn’t kill in itself instead it weakens the immune system leaving the host susceptible to other infections
What’s the difference between the two types of HIV
HIV-1 is more virulent while HIV 2 is less virulent and requires more time to cause AIDS
What is an AIDS patient?
AN AIDS patient is someone who has a CD4 count lower than 200 per microliter, CD4 count over 200 per microliter with the diseases cervical cancer, Kaposi’s sarcoma, and candidiasis
