Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Head, neck and introduction to neuroanatomy > Session 9 > Flashcards

Session 9 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the intrinsic muscles of the tongue?

A
  • 4 paired muscles
  • Lie entirely within tongue
  • Run longitudinally, vertically and transversely
  • Blend with extrinsic muscles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the innervation of the intrinsic muscles of the tongue?

A
  • Hypoglossal nerve
  • Motor innervation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the extrinsic muscles of the tongue?

A
  • Genioglossus
  • Hyoglossus
  • Styloglossus
  • Palatoglossus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the innervation of the extrinsic muscles of the tongue?

A
  • Motor innervation from hypoglossal nerve
  • Innervates genioglossus, hyoglossus, styloglossus
  • Palatoglossus innervated by Vagus nerve
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the action of the extrinsic muscles of the tongue?

A
  • Protrusion (genioglossus, used to test hypoglossal nerve)
  • Protraction
  • Retraction
  • Side-to-side move
  • Anchor tongue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Outline the sensory innervation of the tongue

A
  • Anterior 2/3 receives sensation from lingual nerve (trigeminal nerve) and taste from chorda tympani branch of facial nerve
  • Posterior 1/3 receives sensation and taste from glossopharyngeal nerve
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the salivary glands that secrete saliva into the oral cavity?

A
  • Parotid glands
  • Submandibular glands
  • Sublingual glands
  • Secrete saliva under influence of autonomic nervous system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Which duct is associated with the submandibular glands?

A
  • Wharton duct
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Which duct is associated with the parotid glands?

A
  • Stensen duct
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Outline the properties of the sublingual glands?

A
  • Produce 3-5% of saliva
  • Smallest and most diffuse of the salivary glands
  • 8-20 excretory ducts per gland
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Outline Sialolithiasis

A
  • Salivary gland stones
  • Most stones located in submandibular glands
  • Due to dehydration or reduced salivary flow
  • Most stones <1cm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the symptoms of sialolithiasis?

A
  • Pain in gland
  • Swelling
  • Can fluctuate in realtion to eating
  • Infection can occur due to stasis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How is sialolithiasis diagnosed?

A
  • History
  • X-ray
  • Sialogram
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of tonsilitis?

A
  • Fever
  • Sore throat
  • Pain/difficulty swallowing
  • Cervical lymph nodes (jugulodigastric)
  • Bad breath
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What causes tonsilitis?

A
  • Viral causes most common
  • Bacterial causes due to strep pyogenes
  • Causes inflammation of palatine tonsils
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Where are the palatine tonsils located?

A
  • Between palatoglossal arch and palatopharyngeal arch
  • Uvula central
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the causes of peritonsillar abscesses?

A
  • Follow on from untreated or partially treated tonsillitis
  • Or can arise on their own due to aerobic or anaerobic bacteria
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the symptoms of peritonsillar abscesses?

A
  • Severe throat pain
  • Bad breath
  • Drooling
  • Difficulty opening mouth
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the boundaries of the nasopharynx?

A
  • Base of skull to upper border of soft palate
  • Posterior border is C1 and C2
  • Anterior border is nasal cavity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is found within the nasopharynx?

A
  • Orifice of eustachian tube
  • Pharyngeal tonsil
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Where is the pharynx located?

A
  • Base of skull
  • Extends to C6
  • Forms part of digestive tract
  • Superior part lies posterior to nasal and oral cavities
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the boundaries of the oropharynx?

A
  • Soft palate to epiglottis
  • Anterior border is oral cavity
  • Posterior border is C2 and C3
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is found within the oropharynx?

A
  • Palatine tonsils found between palatopharyngeal arch and palatoglossal arch
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the boundaries of the laryngopharynx?

A
  • Oropharynx to oesophagus
  • Epiglottis to cricoid cartilage
  • Anterior border is larynx
  • Posterior border is C4, C5, C6
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What are the muscles of the pharynx?
- 3x longitudinal muscles - Stylopharyngeus - Palatopharyngeus - Salpingopharyngeus
26
What is the action of the pharyngeal muscles?
- Elevate pharynx and larynx during swallowing - This widens aperture for food to go down oesophagus - Reduces distance food has to travel to enter oesophagus
27
Outline the origin and insertion for Stylopharyngeus
- Styloid process - posterior border of thyroid cartilage - Glossopharyngeal nerve
28
Outline the origin and insertion for palatopharyngeus
- Hard palate - posterior border to thyroid cartilage - Pharyngeal branch of Vagus nerve
29
Outline the origin and insertion for salpingopharyngeus
- Cartilaginous part of Eustachian tube - Merges with palatopharyngeus - Pharyngeal branch of vagus nerve
30
What are the pharyngeal constrictors?
- 3x circular muscles - Superior pharyngeal constrictor - Middle pharyngeal constrictor - Inferior pharyngeal constrictor (thyropharyngeal and cricopharyngeal)
31
What is the origin and insertion of the superior pharyngeal constrictor?
- Origin is pterygomandibular raphe - Vagus nerve
32
What is the origin and insertion of the middle pharyngeal constrictor?
- Origin is hyoid bone - Vagus nerve
33
What is the origin and insertion of the inferior pharyngeal constrictor?
- Thyropharyngeal originates at thyroid cartilage - Cricopharyngeal originates ay cricoid cartilage - Vagus nerve
34
What is a pharyngeal pouch?
- A posteromedial (false) diverticulum - Arises in weakness between 2 parts of inferior constrictor
35
What causes pharyngeal pouch?
- Failure of upper oesophageal sphincter to relax - Abnormal timing of swallowing - Higher pressure in laryngopharynx - Weakness in inferior constrictor muscle produces outpouching - Symptoms related to food material collecting in pouch or disruption of swallow
36
What are the symptoms of pharyngeal pouch?
- Bad breath - Regurgitation of food - Occasional choking on fluids - General difficulty swallowing
37
Where is the pharyngeal plexus located?
- Mainly on surface of middle constrictor muscle - Vagus, glossopharyngeal and cervical sympathetic nerves
38
What is the motor innervation of the pharyngeal plexus?
- CN X innervates all muscles - Except stylopharyngeus (CN IX)
39
What is the sensory innervation of the pharyngeal plexus?
- Nasopharynx (maxillary nerve CN Vb) - Oropharynx (glossopharyngeal nerve CN IX) - Laryngopharynx (vagus nerve CN X)
40
Outline the oral stage of swallowing
- Voluntary - Preparatory phase makes bolus - Transit phase - bolus compressed against palate and pushed into oropharynx by tongue and soft palate - Hypoglossal nerve
41
Outline the pharyngeal stage of swallowing
- Involuntary - Tongue positioned against hard palate so food cannot re-enter mouth (CNXII) - Soft palate elevated sealing off nasopharynx (CN Vc and CN X) - Eustachian tube opened - Suprahyoid and longitudinal muscles shorten - pharynx widens and shortens to receive bolus - Larynx elevated and sealed off by vocal cords
41
Outline the pharyngeal stage of swallowing
- Involuntary - Tongue positioned against hard palate so food cannot re-enter mouth - Soft palate elevated sealing off nasopharynx - Eustachian tube opened - Suprahyoid and longitudinal muscles shorten - pharynx widens and shortens to receive bolus - Larynx elevated and sealed off by vocal cords - Epiglottis closes over larynx - Bolus moves through pharynx by contraction of constrictors - Relaxation of UOS
42
Outline the oesophageal stage of swallowing
- Involuntary - Upper striated muscle of oesophagus - Lower smooth muscle
43
What might cause dysphagia?
- Stroke - Oesophageal cancer - Blockage -
44
What are the signs and symptoms of dysphagia?
- Coughing and choking - Sialorrhoea (drooling) - Recurrent pneumonia - Change in voice/speech (wet voice) - Nasal regurgitation
45
What cranial nerve problems can affect the pharynx?
- IX, X - Absent gag - Uvula deviated away from lesion - Dysphagia - Taste impairment - Loss of sensation in oropharynx - Caused by medullary infarct, jugular foramen issue
46
What are the functions of the nasal cavity?
- Olfaction - Filtering and humidifying inspired air - Drainage of secretions from paranasal sinuses and nasolacrimal ducts
47
Outline the structure of the external nose
- Predominantly cartilaginous - Frontal processes of maxillae and nasal bones form root
48
What can injuries to the nose cause?
- Septal haematomas - Septal deviations - Nasal bone fractures
49
Outline the structure of the nasal cavity?
- Roof - Lateral wall - Medial wall - Floor - Nostrils anteriorly - Chonae posteriorly
50
What are the regions of the nasal cavity?
- Vestibule - Respiratory region - Olfactory region
51
What are the bones that contribute to the nasal cavity?
- Roof: frontal bone, ethmoid bone, sphenoid bone, nasal bones - Floor: palatine bone, maxilla
52
What is important clinically about the nasal vestibule?
- Route through which surgeons operate on pituitary gland
53
What is the function of the concha?
- Slow down air flow - Increase surface area - For warming and humidification
54
What are the meatuses?
- Superior, middle, inferior - Formed from lateral wall of nasal cavity - Drainage - Connection with paranasal air sinuses and nasolacrimal duct
55
What is a septal haematoma?
- Trauma to cartilage causes the perichondrium to be stripped off - Can lead to avascular necrosis - Saddle nose deformity
56
How common are nasal bone fractures?
- Account for 50% of all facial fractures
57
How does a nasal bone fracture present?
- Lots of swelling seen - Commonly see epistaxis
58
How do we treat nasal bone fracture?
- X-rays not generally required - Follow up in several days in outpatient clinic once swelling has settled
59
What can nasal bone fracture result in?
- Rare complications include CSF leak and anosmia - Can lead to a deviated septum and blocked nose
60
What is the blood supply to the nasal cavity like?
- Rich blood supply - Anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteries (branches of ophthalmic artery) supply medial wall - Sphenopalatine artery and greater petrosal artery (branches of maxillary artery) supply lateral wall
61
Why does the nose need such a rich blood supply?
- Allows it to perform two of its functions: 1. Humidification 2. Warming incoming air
62
Which blood vessel is the ophthalmic artery a branch of?
- Internal carotid artery
63
Which blood vessel is the maxillary artery a branch off?
- External carotid artery
64
What is the nervous supply to the nasal cavity?
- Trigeminal nerve - ophthalmic branch and maxillary branch
65
What are nasal polyps?
- Benign swellings of the nasal mucosa
66
What is the epidemiology of nasal polyps?
- Typically seen in those >40 years old - Affects more males than females - Normally bilateral
67
What are the symptoms of nasal polyps?
- Nasal congestions - Rhinorrhoea - Hypo- or anosmia - Snoring - Post nasal drip
68
What are the symptoms of rhinitis?
- Nasal congestion - Rhinorrhoea - Sneezing - Post-nasal drip - Nasal irritation
69
What are the paranasal air sinuses?
- Air filled spaces that are extensions of the nasal cavity - Lined with respiratory mucosa (ciliated and secrete mucus)
70
What can infection in the nasal cavity lead to?
- Sinusitis - Maxillary sinus most commonly affected
71
What are the various functions of the paranasal air sinuses?
- Humidify and warn inspired air - Reduce weight of the skull
72
Where do the paranasal air sinuses drain to?
- Drain into the nasal cavity via small channels (ostia) into a meatus
73
What does the middle meatus drain?
- Frontal sinus - Maxillary sinus - Anterior ethmoid sinus
74
What does the middle meatus drain?
- Frontal sinus - Maxillary sinus - Anterior ethmoid sinus
75
What does the inferior meatus drain?
- Nasolacrimal duct
76
What does the superior meatus drain?
- Sphenoid sinus
77
What is the general sensory innervation of the sinuses?
- Va supplies frontal, ethmoidal and sphenoid sinuses - Vb supplies the maxillary sinuses
78
What usually causes sinusitis?
- Viral upper respiratory tract infection - Spreads to sinuses
79
What is the pathophysiology of sinusitis?
- Inflammation of respiratory mucosa causes swelling, reduced cilia movement and increased secretions - Ostia can become blocked - Fluid builds up in sinus - Can develop a secondary bacterial infection
80
How is sinusitis diagnosed?
- Recent URTI - Blocked nose and rhinorrhoea +/- green/yellow discharge - Pyrexia - Headache/facial pain (in area of affected sinus) - worse on leaning forward
81
How is sinusitis managed?
- Conservatively
82
What makes acute bacterial sinusitis more likely?
- Symptoms particularly severe at onset - Symptoms >10 days without improvement but < 4 weeks - Symptoms that worsen after an initial improvement (suggesting secondary bacterial infection)
83
Which organisms cause bacterial sinusitis?
- Streptococcus pneumonia - Haemophilus influenzae - Moraxella catarrhalis are most common bacteria
84
How can most nosebleeds be stopped?
- Pinching in front of (not on) the bony bridge of the nose and holding it for 15-20 minutes
85
Which vessels coalesce at Kiesselbach's area?
- Greater palatine - Sphenopalatine - Superior labial arteries - Anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteries
86
What is the site of origin of most nosebleeds?
- The cartilaginous part of the septum known as Little's area
87
Why can bleeds from the sphenopalatine artery be particularly problematic?
- Blood in this vessel tends to be at higher pressure - And as it is posteriorly located in the nasal cavity, it is harder to reach to stop the bleed
88
What can cause nosebleeds?
- Spontaneous - Or with very minor trauma to the nose - May be due to underlying systemic causes e.g. abnormal coagulation and connective tissue disorders
89
Who is most commonly affected by nosebleeds?
- Very young people (2-10 years old) - Old people (50-60 years old)
90
Why are serious nosebleeds so dangerous?
- Significant blood loss - Rarely can cause death
91
How is epistaxis managed?
- Applying simple compression - Leaning forward - If these steps fail, attempts should be made to cauterise a visible bleeding point using silver nitrate
92
What do we do if bleeding is significant or the bleeding point cannot be identified?
- May mean that cauterisation is difficult - Anterior packing with nasal tampons can be used instead - These packs expand within the nasal cavity and tamponade the area of bleeding
93
What do we do if bleeding is significant or the bleeding point cannot be identified?
- May mean that cauterisation is difficult - Anterior packing with nasal tampons can be used instead - These packs expand within the nasal cavity and tamponade the area of bleeding
94
What do we do if anterior packing of the nasal cavity fails?
- Posterior packing - Surgical intervention as a last resort e.g. embolization, ligation of blood vessels
95
What needs to be monitored in severe epistaxis?
- ABCDE approach - Closely monitor patient - Blood tests to check Hb levels and clotting - Any underlying systemic causes for the bleeding should be sought and treated e.g. coagulopathies

Head, neck and introduction to neuroanatomy (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions