Session 8 Flashcards
Describe the orbital cavity
- 4 bony walls
- Pyramid shaped
- Base of pyramid faces outwards; apex deep inside orbital cavity
- Tough orbital rim
Which are 2 important bones involved in the orbital cavity?
- Ethmoid bone contributes to medial wall
- Maxillary bone contributes to floor
- Contain lots of air cavities
- More susceptible to fracture
- Weakest parts of orbital cavity
Outline some key anatomical relations of the orbit
- Anterior cranial fossa sits just superior
- Contains frontal lobe - can be damaged in penetrating eye trauma
- Ethmoid air sinuses near medial wall
- Maxillary air sinus forms part of floor
- Connected to nasal cavity via nasolacrimal duct
What are the implications for the anatomical relations of the orbit?
- Orbital surgery
- Spread of infection into or out of orbit e.g. acute sinusitis affecting ethmoid sinus can spread to orbit
- Orbital trauma
How does orbital blowout fracture occur?
- Trauma to eye/orbit e.g. eye is hit by fist or ball
- Eyeball propelled back into orbit
- Pressure in orbital cavity suddenly increases
- Pushes against walls of cavity
- Weakest wall (floor of orbit) fractures
What does orbital blowout fracture result in?
- Orbital contents prolapse
- Bleeding into maxillary sinus
- Soft tissue, blood and muscles near orbital floor can trap in fracture site
- Entrapment prevents upwards gaze (other eye movements may also be restricted)
What might be seen on an X-ray/CT scan in someone who has suffered an orbital blowout fracture?
- Opacity filling the maxillary sinus beneath the affected eye
What is classic presentation of an orbital blowout fracture?
- Painful eye
- Periorbital swelling and bruising
- Double vision, worse in vertical gaze
- Numbness over cheek, lower eyelid and upper lip on affected side
How do we manage orbital blowout fracture?
- CT Orbit and refer to ophthalmology
- Prophylactic antibiotics
- Avoid nose blowing, Valsalva manoeuvres and driving (until diplopia resolves)
- 1 week follow up - symptoms may resolve on their own
- Surgical repair 1-2 weeks post injury if symptoms persisit
What does the optic canal transmit?
- Optic nerve
- Ophthalmic artery (has several branches including central retinal artery)
What does the superior orbital fissure transmit?
- Branches of ophthalmic nerve (Va)
- Oculomotor nerve
- Trochlear nerve
- Abducens nerve
- Superior ophthalmic vein (communicates with cavernous sinus)
What does the inferior orbital fissure transmit?
- Infraorbital nerve (branch Vb)
- Inferior ophthalmic vein (communicates with pterygoid venous plexus
Which nerve is responsible for carrying sensation to the eye?
- Ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve
What provides the main arterial supply to the orbit and the eye?
- Ophthalmic artery (branch of ICA) and its branches
- Incl central retinal artery
Outline the pathway taken by the central retinal artery
- Runs inside optic nerve
- This allows artery to get inside eyeball and give branches that supply retina
What provides the main venous drainage of the orbit and eye?
- Ophthalmic veins (superior and inferior)
- Provide connections with cavernous sinus, pterygoid plexus and facial vein
Outline the blood supply to the retina
- Supplied by central retinal vein
- Also draws supply from underlying choroid layer
- Ciliary arteries feed extensive capillary bed within choroid layer (choriocapillaris)
- Retina requires both circulations to function properly
What do the eyelids consist of?
- Skin
- Subcutaneous tissue
- Muscles
- Tarsal plate
What is the function of the tarsal plates?
- Connective tissue
- Give eyelid firmness and shape
What are the key muscles that run within the eyelid?
- Orbicularis oculi (palpebral part)
- Levator palpebrae superioris
What is the action of orbicularis oculi (palpebral part)?
- Runs through eyelid itself
- Closes eyelid
- Supplied by facial nerve
What is the action of levator palpebrae superioris?
- Retracts eye lid
- 2 components
1. Skeletal muscle supplied by oculomotor nerve
2. Superior tarsal muscle (smooth muscle) innervated by sympathetics
Which glands are found within the eyelids?
1.Meibomian glands
- found within tarsal plate
- modified sebaceous
- provide lipid layer of tear film
- prevent tear evaporation and spillage over lid
2. Glands associated with lash follicle
- oily substance
What is a stye?
- Due to blockage in gland associated with a hair follicle
- Outer part of lid affected
- Painful
- Red with a white punctum
- Infected (staphylococcus)
- Treat with warm compresses and may need abx