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Metabolism, Endocrinology and Haematology > Session 8- The HPA axis and growth hormone > Flashcards

Session 8- The HPA axis and growth hormone Flashcards

1
Q

What is the other name for the anterior pituitary gland

A

Adenohypophysis

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2
Q

What is the other name of the posterior pituitary gland

A

Neurohypophysis

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3
Q

Where does the anterior pituitary arise

A

Evagination of oral ectoderm (Rathke’s pouch)

Primitive gut tissue

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4
Q

Where does the posterior pituitary arise

A

Neuroectoderm

Primitive brain tissue

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5
Q

What relationship does the posterior pituitary have with the hypothalamus

A

The posterior pituitary gland is physically connected to the hypothalamus, since the hypothalamus drops down through the infundibulum to form the posterior pituitary

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6
Q

Where are the hormones produced in the posterior pituitary

A

Supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus

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7
Q

Where are hormones stored before they’re released into the hypophyseal system

A

Median eminence

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8
Q

Hypothalamus to Anterior pituitary

A

Hypothalamus synthesizes and releases hormones and are transported down ans stored in median emminence

Hypothalamus hormone stimulates ptuitary to release hormones

Anterior pituitary hormone released

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9
Q

What 2 hormones are produced in the hypothalamus for release from the posterior pituitary

A

Oxytocin

ADH

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10
Q

What does oxytocin do

A

Milk let down and uterus contractions during birth

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11
Q

What does ADH do

A

Regulation of body water volume

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12
Q

What are the tropic hormones produced in the hypothalamus

A

TRH- thyrotropin releasing hormone

PIH- prolactin release-inhibiting hormone- dopamine

CRH- Corticotropin releasing hormone

GnRH- gonadotropin releasing hormone

GHRH- growth hormone releasing hormone

GHIH- growth hormone-inhibiting hormone- somatostatin

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13
Q

What are tropic hormones

A

Affect the release of other hormones in target tissue

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14
Q

What hormones are produced in the anterior pituitary

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone

Adenocorticotropic hormone

Luteinising hormone

Follicle stimulating hormone

Prolactin

Growth hormone

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15
Q

Thyroid stimulating hormone

A

Secretion of thyroid hormone from thyroid gland

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16
Q

ACTH

A

Adenocorticotropic hormone
-secretion of hormones from the adrenal cortex

Cortisol released which induces rage stress response and metabolic actions

17
Q

LH

A

Luteinising hormone - ovulation and secretion of sex hormones

18
Q

FSH

A

Follicle stimulating hormone- development of eggs and sperm

19
Q

Growth hormones

A

Growth and energy metabolism. Stimulates IGFs

20
Q

Where is growth hormone produced

A

Anterior pituitary

21
Q

What inhibits and stimulates the production of Growth hormone

A

Stimulates- GHRH

Inhibits- somatostatin

22
Q

What ensure proper folding of growth hormone

A

Signal peptide must be cleaved

23
Q

What effect does GH have

A

Cells of the liver and skeletal muscle produce and secrete IGFs

24
Q

What does IGF do

A

Stimulate bone growth and cartilage growth

In adults help maintain muscle mass an bone mass. Promotes healing and tissue repair as well as modulating metabolism and body composition

25
Q

When does GH increase

A

Deep sleep

Stress

Exercise

Decrease in glucose or fatty acids

Fasting

26
Q

When does GH decrease

A

Rapid eye movement sleep

Increase in glucose or free fatty acids

Obesity

27
Q

Long loop negative feedback of GH secretion

A

Mediated by IGFs

  • inhibit release of GHRH
  • stimulates the release of somatostatin from hypothalamus
  • inhibit release of GH from anterior pituitary
28
Q

Short loop of GH secretion negative feedback

A

Mediated by GH itself via stimulation of somatostatin release

29
Q

What is pituitary dwarfism

A

Proportionate typ of dwarfism
Complete or partial deficiency
Delayed or no sexual development

Response to GH THERAPY

30
Q

How does GH exert its effects on cells

A

GH receptors activate Janus kinases

GH binds to JAK

Dimerisation of chains

Auto phosphorylation

Activation of signalling pathways

Transcription factor activation of igf production

31
Q

What do IGFs modulate

A

Hypertrophy
Hyperplasia
Increase rate of protein synthesis
Increase rate of lipolysis

32
Q

How does insulin influence growt

A

Enhances somatic growth; interacts with IGF

receptors

33
Q

How does thyroid hormone influence growth

A

Promote CNS development and enhance GH

secretion

34
Q

How do androgens influence growth

A

Accelerate pubertal growth spurt; increase muscle mass; promote closure of epiphyseal plates

35
Q

How do estrogens promot growth

A

Decrease somatic growth; promote closure of epiphyseal plates

36
Q

effect of glucocorticoids on growth

A

Inhibits somati growth

Metabolism, Endocrinology and Haematology (20 decks)

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