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Metabolism, Endocrinology and Haematology > Session 6- Intro to the Endocrine system- Endocrine control of appetite > Flashcards

Session 6- Intro to the Endocrine system- Endocrine control of appetite Flashcards

1
Q

What are the characteristics of a control system

A

Stimulus
Receptor
Control centre
Effector

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2
Q

What are zeitgebers

A

Cues from the environment that keep the body on a 24 hour cycle

  • light
  • temperature
  • social interaction
  • exercise
  • eating/drinking pattern
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3
Q

Negative feedback

A 
• Response in a way to reverse
the direction of change
 • Most common form of
feedback in physiological
Short loop
systems
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4
Q

Positive feedback

A 
• Response in a way so as to change
the variable even more in the
direction of the change
(Rare, few examples).
 • Used when rapid change is
desirable.
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5
Q

Examples of positive feedback

A

Ovulation

Blood clotting

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6
Q

What is osmolarity

A

Numbers of osmoles per litre of solution

Volume

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7
Q

What is osmolality

A

The number of osmoles per Kg of solution

Mass

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8
Q

What happens when there is high blood osmolality

A

Body needs to conserve water

Detected by osmoreceptors in hypothalamus-

This creates thirst

Posterior pituitary secretes more ADH

Increased reabsorption of H2O from urine into blood in collecting duct in the kidney

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9
Q

What happens when there is low osmolality

A

Body needs to excrete water

Detected by osmoreceptors in hypothalamus

Posterior pituitary secretes less ADH

Decreased reabsorption of H2O from urine into blood in collecting ducts in the kidney

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10
Q

Peptide hormones

A

Largest group

Short chains of amino acids

Water soluble

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11
Q

Examples of peptide/polypeptide

A

Insulin

Glucagon growth hormone

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12
Q

Amino acid derivative hormones - amines

A

Synthesised from aromatic amino acids

Water soluble- adrenal medulla hormones

Lipid soluble- thyroid hormones

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13
Q

Examples of glycoprotein hormones

A

Luteinizing hormone
Follicle stimulating hormone
Thyroid stimulating hormone

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14
Q

Example of amine hormones

A

Adrenaline
Noradrenaline
Thyroid hormones
Melatonin

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15
Q

Glycoproteins

A

Large protein molecules

Often made up of subunits

Carbohydrate side chain

Water soluble

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16
Q

Steroids

A

All derived form cholesterol

Steroid genie tissues convert cholesterol t different hormones

Lipid soluble

17
Q

Example of steroid hormones

A

Cortisol
Aldosterone
Testosterone

18
Q

Role of carrier proteins

A

Increase solubility of hormone in plasma

Increase half-life

Readily accessible reserve

19
Q

What three factors determine hormone levels in the blood

A

Rate of production

Rate of delivery

Rate of degradation

20
Q

How does the tyrosine kinase domain work

A

• Dimerisation (except insulin receptor which is
already dimerised)
•Autophosphorylation of specific tyrosines
• Recruitment of adapter proteins and signalling
complex
• Activation of protein kinase (e.g. PKB)
• Phosphorylation of target proteins
• Cellular response

21
Q

What is faster lipid or water soluble

A

Water

22
Q

How do type 1 lipid soluble hormones work

A

Cytoplasmic receptor binds hormone and receptor hormone complex enters nucleus and binds to DN

Receptor binds to specific DNA sequence called a hormone response element (HRE) in promoter region of specific genes

23
Q

How do type 2 lipid soluble hormones work

A

Hormone enters nucleus and binds to pre-bound receptor on DNA- thyroid hormone. Binding relieves repression of gene transcription

Receptor binds to specific DNA sequence called a hormone response element (HRE) in promoter region of specific genes

24
Q

Where is the appetite control centre located

A

Hypothalamus- arcuate nucleus

25
Q

Which primary neurone promotes hunger

A

Stimulators neurones-
-neuropeptide Y (NPY)

-Agouti-related peptide (AgRP)

26
Q

Which primary neurones promote satiety

A

Inhibitory neurones
-pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)

-this yields alpha-MSH and beta-endorphin

27
Q

What does ghrelin do

A

Stimulates appetite

Released from stomach wall when empty

Filling of stomach prevents its release

28
Q

What is pyy

A

Peptide tyrosine tyrosine

Short peptide hormone released by cells in the ileum and colon In response to feeding

29
Q

What dos PYY do

A

Inhibits the excitatory primary neurones of the acrucuate nucleus and simulates inhibitory neurones

Suppress appetite

30
Q

What does leptin do

A

Stimulates inhibitory neurones

Inhibits the excitatory neurones in arcuate nucleus

OVERALL SUPPRESS APPETITE

31
Q

What is leptin

A

Peptide hormones released into blood by adipocytes

32
Q

What is Amylin

A

Peptide hormone also secreted by beta cellls in pancreas

33
Q

What does amylin do

A

Known to suppress appetite by decreasing glucagon secretion and slow gastric emptying

Metabolism, Endocrinology and Haematology (20 decks)

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