Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Semester 2-MEH > Session 6-Spleen, WBCs, Cytopenia > Flashcards

Session 6-Spleen, WBCs, Cytopenia Flashcards

1
Q

What types of pulp does the spleen consist of?

A

1) red pulp - sinuses lined by endothelial macrophages and cords
2) white pulp - similar structure to lymphoid follicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How does blood enter the spleen?

A

Via splenic artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which cells pass through the white pulp?

A

White cells and plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Which cells pass through the red pulp?

A

Red cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Why can splenomegaly lead to weight loss?

A

When spleen enlarges, can press on stomach so stomach cannot fully expand -> early satiety -> weight loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the functions of the spleen in adults? (4)

A

1) sequestration and phagocytosis of old/abnormal RBCs
2) blood pooling - platelets and RBCs rapidly mobilised during bleeding
3) extramedullary haemopoiesis
4) immunological function - 25% of T cells and 15% of B cells present in spleen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

True or false: spleen is palpated below the costal margin

A

FASLE - never normal to do this

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Why would the spleen grow? (5)

A

1) back pressure
2) over working red and white pulp
3) reverting to what it used to do (extramedullary haemopoiesis)
4) infiltrated by cells which shouldn’t be there eg cancer
5) infiltrated by other material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the three different types of splenomegaly?

A

Massive
Moderate
Mild

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Wheat is hypersplenism?

A

Pancytopenia or thrombocytopenia can occur due to pooling of blood in enlarged spleen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

True or false: splenic rupture can lead to a haematoma which can then lead to anaemia

A

TRUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is hyposplenism?

A

Lack of functioning splenic tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the causes of hyposplenism?

A

Splenectomy
Sickle cell disease
Coeliac disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which encapsulated organisms increase the risk of patients with hyposplenism developing overwhelming sepsis?

A

Pneumococcus
Haemophilus influenzae
Meningococcus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is cytopenia?

A

Reduction in number of blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Define anaemia

A

Low RBC count

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Define leucopenia

A

Low WBC count

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Define neutropenia

A

Low neutrophil count

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Define thrombocytopenia

A

Low platelet count

20
Q

Define pancytopenia

A

Low RBCs, WBCs and platelets

21
Q

Define erythrocytosis

A

High RBC count

22
Q

What does a suffix of cytosis/philia mean?

A

Increase in number of blood cells

23
Q

What is the commonest WBC?

A

Neutrophil

24
Q

How many segments does a neutrophil usually have and when can this number increase?

A

3-5 segments

Increases in B12 deficiency

25
Q

What controls neutrophil maturation?

A

Hormone G-CSF

26
Q

What does the hormone G-CSF do?

A

1) increases production of neutrophils
2) decreases time to release mature cells from bone marrow
3) enhances chemotaxis
4) enhances phagocytosis and killing of pathogens

27
Q

How are patients treated to reduce neutropenic infections post-chemotherapy?

A

Self-injected GCSF hormone

28
Q

What are the causes of neutrophilia?

A

1) infection (esp bacterial)
2) tissue damage
3) acute inflammation
4) cancer
5) cytokines
6) smoking
7) metabolic/endocrine disorders
8) drugs eg steroids
9) haemorrhage
10) myeloproliferative diseases

29
Q

What are the causes of neutropenia associated with reduced production?

A

1) B12/folate deficiency
2) infiltration of bone marrow by malignancy or fibrosis
3) aplastic anaemia (empty marrow)
4) radiation
5) drugs - chemo, antibiotics etc
6) viral infection
7) congenital disorders

30
Q

What are the consequences of neutropenia?

A

1) severe life threatening bacterial infection
2) severe life threatening fungal infection
3) mucosal ulceration

31
Q

What are the causes of monocytosis?

A

Chronic inflammatory conditions
Chronic infection
Carcinoma
Myeloproliferative disorders

32
Q

What is the lifespan of eosinophils?

A

8-12 days

33
Q

What do eosinophils do?

A

1) deal with some parasites
2) mediate allergic responses
3) phagocytosis of antigen-antibody complexes
4) mediate hypersensitivity reactions eg to drugs, in asthma, skin inflammation

34
Q

What do eosinophil granules contain?

A

Arginine, phospholipid, enzymes

35
Q

Which type of WBC is least common but largest?

A

Basophil

36
Q

What do basophils do?

A

Active in allergic reactions and inflammatory conditions

37
Q

What can lead to basophilia?

A

Immediate hypersensitivity reactions
Ulcerative colitis
Rheumatoid arthritis
Myeloproliferative disorders

38
Q

What are the three types of lymphocytes?

A

B cells
T cells
Natural killer cells

39
Q

What can lead to lymphocytosis?

A 
Viral infections
Bacterial infections
Stress related: MI
Post splenectomy 
Smoking
Lymphoproliferative disorders: leukaemia, lymphoma
40
Q

What can lead to pancytopenia?

A

1) reduced production of cells

2) increased removal: immune destruction, splenic pooling and haemophagocytosis

41
Q

What is haemophagocytosis?

A

Chewing up of cells in bone marrow

42
Q

What is the healthy ratio of fat:cells in bone marrow?

A

50:50

43
Q

What is aplastic anaemia?

A

Pancytopenia with hypocellular bone marrow in absence of abnormal infiltrate and no increase in reticulin (fibrosis)

44
Q

What are the symptoms of pancytopenia?

A

1) Symptoms of anaemia
- fatigue, dizziness, chest pain, shortness of breath
2) Symptoms of thrombocytopenia - bleeding, bruising etc
3) Symptoms of neutropenia - infection, ulcers, fevers etc
4) Symptoms of underlying cause

45
Q

Which cell has the greatest power of self-renewal compared to any other adult tissue?

A

Haemopoietic stem cell

46
Q

What are the sources of haemopoietic stem cells?

A

1) aspiration of bone marrow
2) GCSF mobilised stem cells in peripheral blood
3) umbilical cord stem cells

Semester 2-MEH (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions