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Semester 2-MEH > Session 1-Nutrition, Diet&Body Weight > Flashcards

Session 1-Nutrition, Diet&Body Weight Flashcards

1
Q

What is metabolism?

A

The chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life

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2
Q

What are catabolic processes?

A

Breakdown of molecules to release energy in the form of reducing power

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3
Q

What are anabolic processes?

A

Use energy and raw materials to make larger molecules for growth and maintenance

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4
Q

What is energy?

A

The capacity to do work

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5
Q

All living things constantly require energy for which processes? (5)

A

1) biosynthetic work
2) transport work
3) mechanical work (muscle contraction)
4) electrical work
5) osmotic work (kidney)

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6
Q

Which type of energy do cells use to drive energy-requiring activities?

A

Chemical bond energy

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7
Q

Energy is produced by the oxidation of what? (4)

A

1) lipids
2) carbs
3) protein
4) alcohol

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8
Q

What is the SI unit of food energy?

A

Kilojoule

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9
Q

How many kJ in 1 kcal?

A

4.2

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10
Q

What is the general formula for carbs?

A

(CH2O)n

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11
Q

What is an example of an oligosaccharide?

A

Dextrin

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12
Q

What is the predominant sugar in human blood?

A

Glucose

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13
Q

What is the glucose-glucose disaccharide?

A

Maltose

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14
Q

What is the carb storage molecule in plants?

A

Starch

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15
Q

What is the carb storage molecule in animals?

A

Glycogen

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16
Q

Which mnemonic is used to remember the 9 essential amino acids?

A 
If-Isoleucine 
Learned-Lysine
THis-THreonine
Huge-Histidine
List-Leucine 
May-Methionine
Prove-Phenylalanine 
TRuly-TRyptophan
Valuable-Valine
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17
Q

Which other AA do children and pregnant children require?

A

Arginine
Tyrosine
Cysteine

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18
Q

Why is protein of animal origin considered “high quality”?

A

Contains all essential AA

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19
Q

Why are proteins of plant origin generally considered lower quality?

A

Most are deficient in one or more essential AA

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20
Q

What are lipids composed of?

A

Triacylglycerols

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21
Q

True or false: lipids contain much less O2 than carbs or protein so they yield more energy when oxidised

A

TRUE

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22
Q

Fat is needed for the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins. What are the four fat soluble vitamins?

A

A, D, E and K

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23
Q

What are two types of essential fatty acids which cannot be synthesised in the body?

A

Linoleic acid

Linolenic acid

24
Q

What do electrolytes establish and maintain?

A

Establish ion gradients across membranes

Maintain water balance

25
Q

Which two minerals are essential for structure (bone and teeth)?

A

Calcium

Phosphorus

26
Q

What does vitamin A deficiency result in?

A

Xerophthalmia

27
Q

What does vitamin D deficiency result in?

A

Rickets

28
Q

What does vitamin E deficiency result in?

A

Neurologic abnormalities

29
Q

What does vitamin K deficiency result in?

A

Defective blood clotting

30
Q

What does vitamin B12 deficiency result in?

A

Anaemia

31
Q

What does vitamin B6 deficiency result in?

A

Dermatitis, anaemia

32
Q

What does vitamin C deficiency result in?

A

Scurvy

33
Q

What does a choline deficiency result in?

A

Liver damage

34
Q

What does a folate deficiency result in?

A

Neural tube defects

Anaemia

35
Q

What does a niacin deficiency result in?

A

Pellagra (dermatitis, diarrhoea and dementia)

36
Q

What does a riboflavin deficiency result in?

A

Ariboflavinosis

37
Q

Why is cellulose not digested in humans?

A

Humans do not produce the required enzymes to break the beta-1,4 linkages in cellulose

38
Q

Where can dietary fibre be found?

A

Cereal foods (eg bread, beans, fruit and veg)

39
Q

What is low fibre intake associated with?

A

Constipation and bowel cancer

40
Q

How does a high fibre diet reduce cholesterol?

A

Cholesterol is used to release bile salts and fibre sequesters these salts so they pass out in faeces. With more fibre, more cholesterol is used up so there is less in the blood

41
Q

What are dietary reference values (DRVs)?

A

Series of estimates of the amount of energy and nutrients needed by different groups of healthy UK population

42
Q

What are the different DRVs? (4)

A

1) Reference Nutrient Intake (RNI)
2) Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)
3) Lower Reference Nutrient Intake (LRNI)
4) Safe intake

43
Q

What is RNI used for?

A

Protein, vitamins and minerals

44
Q

What is EAR used for?

A

Energy

45
Q

When is Safe Intake used?

A

When there is insufficient data

46
Q

Energy requirements vary between individuals depending on which factors?

A

Age
Sex
Body composition
Physical activity

47
Q

What is daily energy expenditure the sum of?

A

Basal metabolic rate (BMR)
Diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT)
Physical activity level (PAL)

48
Q

What does the BMR maintain?

A

Body temperature
Ion transport across membranes
Biochemical reactions
Function of organs

49
Q

What is the short term store of energy rich molecules in muscle?

A

Creatine phosphate

50
Q

What is obesity?

A

Excessive fat accumulation in adipose tissue which impairs health

51
Q

Obesity is associated with an increased risk of which conditions?

A

Cancers
Cardiovascular disease
Type 2 diabetes

52
Q

What is the equation to calculate BMI?

A

Weight (kg)/height^2 (m^2)

53
Q

What are the units of BMI?

A

Kg/m^2

54
Q

A BMI of under which value is classed as:

1) underweight
2) desirable weight
3) overweight
4) obese
5) severely obese

A

1) <18.5
2) 18.5-24.9
3) 25-29.9
4) 30-34.9
5) >35

55
Q

A greater proportion of fat in the upper body compared with that on the hips is associated with an increased risk of which conditions?

A 
Insulin resistance
Hyperinsulinism 
Type 2 diabetes 
Hypertension 
Hyperlipidaemia 
Stroke 
Premature death
56
Q

Which condition can a low protein diet result in?

A

Kwashiorkor

57
Q

What can low protein intake result in?

A

Insufficient blood protein synthesis leading to decreased plasma oncotic pressure and oedema

Semester 2-MEH (21 decks)

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