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Infection - Alex's Cards (ESA2) > Session 5 Lecture Notes > Flashcards

Session 5 Lecture Notes Flashcards

1
Q

What are healthcare infections?

A

Infections arising as a consequence of providing healthcare (can be in patients, visitors or staff)

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2
Q

How many hours after a patient is admitted is an infection considered a healthcare infection?

A

If the patient presents symptoms 48 hours after admission

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3
Q

What is the largest type of healthcare acquired infection?

A

Gastrointestinal

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4
Q

Give some examples of healthcare acquired infections caused by viruses

A
  1. Blood borne viruses (HIV, HEP B and C)
  2. Norovirus
  3. Chickenpox
  4. Influenza
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5
Q

Give some examples of healthcare acquired infections caused by bacteria

A
  1. Staph aureas
  2. C. Difficile
  3. E. coli
  4. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
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6
Q

Give some examples of healthcare acquired infections caused by fungi

A
  1. Candida albicans

2. Aspergillus species

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7
Q

Give an example of a healthcare acquired infection caused by parasites

A

Malaria

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8
Q

What are the 4Ps of infection prevention and control?

A
  1. Patient
  2. Pathogen
  3. Practice
  4. Place
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9
Q

Have you I-fived your patients today? The 5 Is in infection prevention and control are?

A
  1. Identify
  2. Isolate
  3. Investigate
  4. Inform
  5. Initiate
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10
Q

What is the only way in which the T cells are activated?

A

By an antigen presenting cell

Increasing T cell numbers of increasing levels of the pathogen will have no effect with APC activation

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11
Q

The immune system can recognise 2 types of microbes - what are they?

A
  1. Extracellular microbe (they divide outside the cell)

2. Intracellular microbe (they divide inside the cell - mostly viruses)

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12
Q

Give some examples of where APCs are located

A

At the main points of entry:

  1. Skin
  2. Mucous membranes
  3. Lymph organs eg lymph nodes and spleen
  4. In the blood
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13
Q

Name 4 types of APCs

A
  1. Dendritic cells
  2. Macrophages
  3. Langerhans cells
  4. B cells
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14
Q

What is a naive T cell?

A

A mature T cell that has not yet encountered an antigen

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15
Q

Where are Langerhans APCs found and what do they present to?

A

On the skin

Present to naive T cells

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16
Q

Where are dendritic cells found?

A

In the lymph nodes
Mucous membranes
Blood
Present to naive T cells

17
Q

Where are macrophages found and what do they present to?

A

In tissues

Present to effector T cells (i.e. activates T cells)

18
Q

Where are B cells found and what do they present to?

A

Lymphoid tissues

Present to naive T cells and effector T cells

19
Q

When PRRs recognise PAMPs on the pathogen they know they are either intracellular or extracellular pathogens. 2 different immune responses are created - which are they?

A 
Extracellular = humoral immunity (antibodies, complement and phagocytosis)
Intracellular = cell mediated immunity (cytotoxic T cells, antibodies and macrophages)
20
Q

What antigen is present on the surface of cells, recognised by APCs and allowing for a cell mediated response to be activated if bound to a pathogen?

A

MHC proteins
Major histocompatability complex
Also known as HLA

21
Q

There are 2 classes of MHC - what are they are where are they found?

A

Class 1 = on surface of all nucleated cells

Class 2 = on surface of macrophages, dendritic cells and B cells

22
Q

What types of microbes do class 1 and 2 cells present?

A 
MHC class 1 (found on all nucleated cells) = present INTRACELLULAR microbes 
MHC class 2 (found on macrophages, dendritic cells and B cells) = present EXTRACELLULAR microbes
23
Q

There are 3 types of MHC class 1 molecules. What are they?

A

HLA-A
HLA-B
HLA-C

24
Q

There are 3 types of HCA class 2 molecules. What are they?

A

HLA-DR
HLA-DQ
HLA-DP

25
Q

Which chromosome is the MHC gene found on?

A

Chromosome 6

26
Q

MHC class 1 present which type of antigen and to which type of T cells?

A

Class 1 present intracellular microbes to CD8+ T cells

27
Q

MHC class 2 present which type of antigen and to which type of T cells?

A

MHC class 2 present extracellular microbes to CD4+ T cells

28
Q

What type of MHC molecules do dendritic cells contain?

A 
Class 1 AND Class 2
Only dendritic cells, macrophages and B cells contains class 2
But also all nucleated cells contain class 1
29
Q

Which are the only MHC molecules class that activates a humeral immune response? Via which T cells?

A 
Class II (found on APCs)
Activate CD4+ T cells and a humeral response
30
Q

What does APCs have cross presentation mean?

A

They have Class I and Class II molecules
All nucleated cells have Class I but only APCs have Class II which allows them to activate CD8+ T cells and for them to become cytotoxic T cells

31
Q

Where are TCR produced and matured?

A

T cell receptors (found on surface of T cells) are produced in the bone marrow and mature in the thymus

32
Q

In order for APCs to fully activate a TCR they require a co-stimulatory signal. What is this and what is the other signal they require?

A

APCs need to activate CD4+ T cells via Class II MHC molecules
In order to do this they require a costimulatory signal - CD28 on the TCR to be activated by CD80/86 on the APC

33
Q

Following activation of CD4+ T cells there are 3 different T helper responses that can be mounted - what are they?

A

TH1
TH2
TH17

34
Q

Activated T cells secrete what 2 enzymes that help kill an infected cell?

A 
Perforin = creates a perforin pore in the cell membrane 
Granzyme = starts the apoptotic process
35
Q

What T helper cells are activated when infection by intracellular microbes and which by extracellular microbes?

A 
Extracellular = TH2 and TH17
Intracellular = TH1
36
Q

What are the most important antibodies involved in allergic reactions

A

Immunoglobulin E

37
Q

What antibodies are produced in the 1st encounter with a pathogen and which are produced the 2nd time you encounter the same pathogen?

A

1st time = IgM

2nd time = IgG

38
Q

What is an isotype switch?

A

When the B cells change the antibodies they are producing to one that is more effective (i.e. IgM to IgG)

Infection - Alex's Cards (ESA2) (8 decks)

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